Calculators
Model: TI-30 X
Battery: solar
Adapter:
Year: 1985 ( RCI 09 02 85 )
Chip: Toshiba T6M38
Info: Calculator donated by Angelucci Adalgisa in 2023 during the 2nd edition "the story with Texas Instruments" in Rieti, (World Chili Pepper Fair)
Model: TI-30 XS overhead
Battery:
Adapter:
Year: 2007
Chip: made in China
Info: The California based company Stokes Publishing Company, Inc. distributes under the label "The Educator®"
calculators optimized for teaching purposes. William T. Stokes filed already July 30, 1991 the US Patent Application U.S. Pat. No. 5,035,502
with the title "Transparent calculator for overhead projection".
Model: TI-309 Nuance
Battery: Solar
Adapter:
Year: 1989
Chip:
Info: The box states: An elegant hinged case calculator designed for women. A foldable compact protective case which fits easily into the purse or handbag.
The TI-309 Nuance was available in two colors, soft beige and purple.
Model: TI-30X IIs
Battery: solar , CR2025
Adapter:
Year: 1999
Chip:
Info: modern LCD 1991 - 1999 made in China
Model: TI-31 lcd
Battery: solar
Adapter:
Year: 1987
Chip: Toshiba T6974S
Info: At first glance the TI-31 added just a few conversions and statistical functions to the TI-30 Challenger.
Model: TI-3200 dialer
Battery: 2 x CR2025
Adapter:
Year: 1991
Chip: CPU: Toshiba T7915-0108
RAM: Sharp LH5160
Info:
Model: TI-34 II overhead
Battery:
Adapter:
Year:
Chip: made in China
Info: The California based company Stokes Publishing Company, Inc. distributes under the label "The Educator®"
calculators optimized for teaching purposes. William T. Stokes filed already July 30, 1991 the US Patent Application U.S. Pat. No. 5,035,502
with the title "Transparent calculator for overhead projection".
Model: TI-34 II
Battery: solar
Adapter:
Year: 2000
Chip:
Info: In 1999 the TI-30 line of calculators received a great feature - a 2-line display. The upper entry line displays up to 11 characters and can be scrolled left and right up to 88 characters. The lower result line displays 10 digits of mantissa and 2 digits for the exponent.Compared with the traditional TI-34 the upper line permits to recall the last entry and to correct instantly.
Model: TI-34
Battery: solar
Adapter:
Year: 1987
Chip: Thoshiba T7988
Info: modern LCD 1982 - 1987
Donated by Onofri Rodolfo (Rudy)
Model: TI-35 black
Battery: 2 x LR44
Adapter:
Year: 1981 Price: L. 35.00 + iva 14%
Chip: TPO324
Info:From an advertisement of the time! The most ready. The TI-35 scientific calculator is more responsive because it has "constant" memory. To keep the contents unchanged, even when the calculator is turned off, restart the calculations in due course. AOS (algebraic operating system): 54 functions, algebraic, logarithmic, trigonometric and statistical, ultra-flat with very long life batteries, energy saving device!
Model: TI-35 Galaxy Solar
Battery: solar
Adapter:
Year: 1985 Price: L. ? + iva 14%
Chip: Toshiba T6975AS
Info:
Model: TI-35 plus
Battery: 2 x LR44
Adapter:
Year: 1981 Price: L. 35.00 + iva 14%
Chip: TPO324
Info:From an advertisement of the time! The most ready. The TI-35 scientific calculator is more responsive because it has "constant" memory. To keep the contents unchanged, even when the calculator is turned off, restart the calculations in due course. AOS (algebraic operating system): 54 functions, algebraic, logarithmic, trigonometric and statistical, ultra-flat with very long life batteries, energy saving device!
Model: TI-3510
Battery:
Adapter: 110 volt
Year: 1974
Chip: TMS0106, MM5314 national semiconductor
Info: DESKTOP line with clock

Model: TI-36 x
Battery: solar
Adapter:
Year: 2000
Chip:
Info: This TI-36 with the "Delia" inscription has a special meaning, because it was donated to our association by Mrs. Stefania Cervelli, a former Texas Instruments employee at the Cittaducale (Rieti) plant. Delia is Mrs. Stefania's daughter !
Questa calcolatrice TI-36 con la scritta "Delia" ha un significato speciale, perché è stata donata alla nostra associazione dalla Signora Stefania Cervelli, ex dipendente della Texas Instruments dello stabilimento di Cittaducale (Rieti). Delia è la figlia della Signora Stefania!
Model: TI-45 1 version
Battery: BP8 or BP9
Adapter: AC9900
Year: 1977
Chip: TMC1983
Info:At first glance is the European TI-45 identical to the SR-40. Surprisingly the TI-45 features a green vacuum fluorescent display (VFD), a major exception in the Majestic-line. Dismantling this TI-45 manufactured in September 1978 by Texas Instruments in their Rieti, Italy facility reveals a slightly more complex design than the SR-40 sporting a red LED display. Main reason is the higher operating voltage of the VF-Display, engineers at Texas Instruments are using a very effective way to generate -22 Volts out o the 9V battery with a simple voltage multiplier using just four diodes and four capacitors and an charge-pump oscillator integrated on the TMC1980 single-chip calculator circuit. Two variations of the TI-45 were reported, they differ in the mask over the display. View the later model with a molded TI-logo and TEXAS INSTRUMENTS nameplate.
On the side you can see the serial, the date of construction 53 week of 1977 and the nation of manufacture Italy.
Model: TI-45 2v
Battery: BP8 or BP9
Adapter: AC9900
Year: 1978
Chip: TMC1983
Info: The TI-45 uses the exact same 4 ceramic capacitors plus 4 diodes to boost the 30 V anode voltage. No other components beside the TMC chip
Model: TI-500
Battery:
Adapter: 120 vac
Year: 1974
Chip:TMS0203, TMS0221, TMC0305
Info: This rare TI-500 was introduced in the year 1974 and seems to be a sibling of the TI-450 and TI-620.The TI-500 is based on the TMS0200 Chipset for 12-digit desktop calculators but misses the usual 12-digit display.
Related calculators using this chip set are the SR-20 and SR-22. The first usage of the TMS0200 Building Blocks were the TI-4000 and the Canon 121F. The architecture found in this TI-500 differs greatly from these calculators, it uses the Data Chip TMS0203, ROM Chip TMC0305, adding the Printer Chip TMS0221 to control the drum printer.
Model: TI-5000 microprinter
Battery: 4 x AAA
Adapter: AC9175
Year: 1982
Chip: Toshiba T676
Info: later HANDHELD printing
Model: TI-5006 II
Battery: 4 x AA
Adapter:
Year: 1994
Chip: Toshiba T7916S
Info: later HANDHELD printing
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Model: TI-5008 microprinter
Battery: 3 x AAA
Adapter: AC9175
Year: 1982
Chip: Toshiba T676
Info: Thermal paper TP-25000
Model: TI-5025
Battery: 7 x AA ni-cd
Adapter: AC9172
Year: 1980
Chip: TMC0262
Info: first HANDHELD printing
Model: TI-503 sv
Battery: solar , CR2032
Adapter:
Year: 2017
Chip:
Info: modern LCD 2000 - 2017 made in Philippines
Model: TI-5032
Battery: 4 x AA
Adapter: AC9175
Year: 1983
Chip:
Manual:
Info: Donated from Maurizio Candito / The TI-5032 was the first battery operated printing desktop calculators introduced by Texas Instruments
Model: TI-5038 paper free printer
Battery: 3 x AA
Adapter: AC9175
Year: 1989
Chip: Toshiba T7724, UM6116
Info: The TI-5038 continued a revolutionary concept introduced already in the year 1987: The TI-2800 Paperless Printer! The calculator works like the known printing desktops e.g. the TI-5130. All calculations are done on the main display. Instead the usual printout on a paper the results are scrolled through a secondary display with 6 lines. A maximum of 99 lines could be stored and scrolled up and down with the arrow keys.
Model: TI-5045 SV
Battery: no
Adapter: 220 volt AC
Year: 1996 made in China
Chip: Toshiba TC83220-0027 or T7872-0016
Info: Donated by Fabio Sala
Model: TI-5050 M
Battery: 6 x AA ni-cd
Adapter: AC9171
Year: 1976
Chip: TMS1115
Info: first HANDHELD printing
Model: TI-51 III
Battery: BP7
Adapter: AC9132
Year: 1979 Price: L.59.000 + iva 14%
Chip: TMC1502
Info:TI-51 III same as TI-55, but TI-55 was sold in the US while TI-51 III was sold in Europe. From an advertisement of the time! The most technical. Because it specializes in solving math problems (90 functions): from logarithms to trigonometry and complex statistical problems. Easy programmability (32 program steps, 10 memory registers) exponential notation. AOS (algebraic operating system). Polar/Rectangular conversions and unit conversions. It offers you the possibility to solve all your professional problems at the touch of a button.
Model: TI-5130
Battery: 220 volt
Adapter: AC9900/T2
Year: 1983
Chip: NEC uPD1234G
Info: donated by the cellar clearer
Model: TI-5200 beige
Battery:
Adapter: AC/DC 220 volt -12 volt
Year: 1978
Chip: TMC1278
Info: DESKTOP line
Model: TI-5200 brown
Battery:
Adapter: AC/DC 220 volt -12 volt
Year: 1978
Chip: TMC1278
Info: DESKTOP line
Model: TI-53 slanted
Battery: 2 x LR44
Adapter:
Year: 1985 ( RCI 17 85 )
Chip: TPO323
Info: Calculator donated by Ludovisi Giancarlo in 2023 during the 2nd edition "the story with Texas Instruments" in Rieti, (World Chili Pepper Fair).
Model: TI-5315
Battery:
Adapter: AC 110 volt
Year: 1989
Chip: NEC upd7520
Info: modern DESKTOP built in clock
Model: TI-55
Battery: BP 7
Adapter: AC9132
Year: 1979
Chip: TMC1503
Info: TI-55 same as TI-51 III, but TI-55 was sold in the US while TI-51 III was sold in Europe.
Model: TI-55 II programmable
Battery: 2 x LR44
Adapter:
Year: 1984
Chip: TP0456/CD4555, CD4556
Info: This TI-55 II could be called a rare calculator.
Model: TI-57 programmable
Battery: BP6 , BP7
Adapter: AC9131 , AC9132
Year: 1980 Price: L.55.000 + iva 14 %
Chip: TMC1501
Info: From an advertisement of the time! The most versatile. Because it is specialized it has 50 compact program steps. Thus it is a real programmable one which, maintaining at the same time the characteristics of a scientific one, lends itself to solving many problems with extreme flexibility. 8 addressable memories, AOS (algebraic operating system), 9 levels of parentheses, 10 labels, 2 levels of subroutines, 4 decision functions, 2 loop control functions. This is why it is the best-selling scientific-programmable in the world!
Model: TI-57 programmabile
Battery: BP6 , BP7
Adapter: AC9131 , AC9132
Year: 1980 Price: L.55.000 + iva 14 %
Chip: TMC1501
Info: From an advertisement of the time! The most versatile. Because it is specialized it has 50 compact program steps. Thus it is a real programmable one which, maintaining at the same time the characteristics of a scientific one, lends itself to solving many problems with extreme flexibility. 8 addressable memories, AOS (algebraic operating system), 9 levels of parentheses, 10 labels, 2 levels of subroutines, 4 decision functions, 2 loop control functions. This is why it is the best-selling scientific-programmable in the world! Special version with Italian mask, probable prototype.
Property Marie Collas
Model: TI-58
Battery: BP1 A
Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105
Year: 1977
Chip: TMC0501E TMC0582 TMC0583 TMC0571 2x TMC0598
Info: TI-58 / 59 programmable
Model: TI-58 C
Battery: BP1 A
Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105
Year: 1982
Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047
Info: TI-58 / 59 programmable
Model: TI-59
Battery: BP1 A
Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105
Year: 1980
Chip: TMC0501E TMC0582 TMC0583 TMC0571 TMC0594 4x TMC0598
Info: TI-58 / 59 programmable


TI-58 or TI-59 calculator this rare Marine Navigation version uses a specialized module with navigation related programs. The calculator was mounted in a expensive wooden box and equipped with a DC-converter for usage on a boat.
The TI-58 and TI-59 calculators introduced a novelty, the Solid State Software Modules™ with up to 5000 program steps. On the backside of the TI-58/59 you'll note a small lid with a place for a module. The Master Library, known as "Module -1-", with 25 different programs was included with the TI-58, TI-58C, and TI-59. Twelve additional Solid State Software Modules™, known as "Module -2- to -13-" were available from Texas Instruments as Standard Modules.
| 1 | Master Libray | TMC0541 |
| 2 | Applied Statistics | TMC0542 |
| 3 | Real Estate Investment | TMC0543 |
| 4 | Surveying | TMC0544 |
| 5 | Marine Navigation | TMC0545 |
| 6 | Aviation | TMC0546 |
| 7 | Leisure Library | TMC0547 |
| 8 | Security Analysies | TMC0548 |
| 9 | Business Decision | TMC0549 |
| 10 | Math Utilities | TMC0550 |
| 11 | Electrical Engineering | TMC0551 |
| 12 | Agriculture | TMC0554 |
| 12 | Surveying ITALY | ??? |
| 13 | Structural Engineerign | TMC0553 |
| 13 | RPN Simulator | TMC0555 |
| 16 | Loran C Navigation | TMC0540 |
Card reader with replacement of the licorice wheel... As promised the photos. I used the 7 mm external and 3 mm internal tube, in some cases I had to use the 6 mm one (SR series), since you disassemble everything, clean all the gears and then use a lithium grease (little I recommend). Since you have to disassemble everything, clean the magnetic head with isopropyl alcohol.
Model: TI-59 ALLIANZ
Battery: BP1 A
Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105
Year: 1979
Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047
Info: made in Holland
Model: TI-59 Chrysler Credicavia
Battery: BP1 A
Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105
Year: 1978
Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047
Info: made in Holland
Model: TI-59 Creg insurance FR
Battery: BP1 A
Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105
Year: 1978
Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047
Info:The innovative TI-59 was the perfect base for a lot of customized calculators. This one was used end of the 70th by insurance agents of the French CREG company.
Model: TI-59 EDF FR
Battery: BP1 A
Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105
Year: 1978
Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047
Info: The innovative TI-59 was the perfect base for a lot of customized calculators. This one was used end of the 70th by the EDF Group in France - a leading supplier of Electricity in Europe - to calculate the necessary energy to heat rooms and houses
Model: TI-59 IMCO mudmod
Battery: BP1 A
Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105
Year: 1978
Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047
Info: The IMCO "MudMod" application was developed in 1982 by IMCO Services, a division of Halliburton Co., Houston for internal use only. IMCO's first module ("DrilMod") with applications in the areas of well control, annular and bit hydraulics, directional design, d-exponents, cost/ft, and drilling mud, a total of 16 programs in all, and second module (“BossMod”) for well-control operations were sold to customers.
Model: TI-59 LLOYD
Battery: BP1 A
Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105
Year: 1978
Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047
Info: TI-58 / 59 programmable
Model: TI-59 LVM insurance
Battery: BP1 A
Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105
Year: 1978
Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047
Info: The innovative TI-59 was the perfect base for a lot of customized calculators. This one was used end of the 70th by insurance agents of the German LVM company.
Model: TI-59 SCOT WARE CL 4
Battery: BP1 A
Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105
Year: 1978
Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047
Info: Scot Ware by Scotch Programs Inc., headquartered in Miami, Florida, introduced already in April 1978 with the CL4 cooling load calculation an early application programmed in a customized Solid State Software Module. Purchased but never arrived!!
Model: TI-59 WG&L Tax Planner
Battery: BP1 A
Adapter: AC9131
Year: 1981
Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047
Info: The tax planner application was developed in 1982 by Warren, Gorham & Lamont, Valhalla NY (WG&L) and programmed by Texas Instruments into a Solid State Software Module. Please notice the © 1983, 1984 date of the module. These modules were probably changed every year due to updates in the tax calculation process and WG&L introduced in 1985 with the incotax calculator a more flexible approach.
Model: TI-65
Battery: 2 x LR44
Adapter:
Year: 1988
Chip: CD4805 , CD4806
Info:The TI-65 Technical Analyst is a quite interesting calculator within the Galaxy-line.

Model: TI-68 prototype
Battery: CR2032
Adapter:
Year: 1985
Chip: CPU: Toshiba T9948A
Info:Calculator donated by Massa Gennaro in 2023 during the 2nd edition "the story with Texas Instruments" in Rieti, (World Chili Pepper Fair). This was a prototype with transparent case, built in the Rieti factory.
Model: TI-701 graffiti
Battery: solar
Adapter: no
Year: 1989
Chip:
Info: All models share the same design idea of a round "light tube" to collect ambient light and transport it to the high-efficiency solar cells, in the same line you can find the TI-703 blue ocean the TI-702 city night . Made in Taiwan
Special thanks go to Mrs. Pina Battinelli, who donated this calculator.
Dear Sirs, it is with great pleasure and considerable emotion that I entrust to your organization the "companion" of my initial schooling. Thank you and good luck.
Un particolare ringraziamento va alla Signora Pina Battinelli che ha donato questa calcolatrice. Scrivendo:
Gentilissimi, con grande piacere e non poca emozione affido alla vostra associazione la "compagna" del mio iniziale percosrso scolastico. Grazie e in bocca al lupo
Model: TI-702 city night
Battery: solar
Adapter: no
Year: 1989
Chip:
Info:All models share the same design idea of a round "light tube" to collect ambient light and transport it to the high-efficiency solar cells, in the same line you can find the TI-701 graffiti the TI-703 blue ocean . Made in Taiwan
Model: TI-703 blue ocean
Battery: solar
Adapter: no
Year: 1989
Chip:
Info:All models share the same design idea of a round "light tube" to collect ambient light and transport it to the high-efficiency solar cells, in the same line you can find the TI-701 graffiti the TI-702 city night . Made in Taiwan
Model: TI-80
Battery: 2 x CR2032
Adapter:
Year: 1996
Chip: CPU: Toshiba T6M53A ROM: LH5359©1995 RAM: SRM2264 Display: Toshiba T6B79
Info: Taiwan
Model: TI-82 1995
Battery: 4 AAA + CR1620
Adapter:
Year: 1995
Chip: CPU: Toshiba T84C00A ASIC: Toshiba TC14L010 ROM: MX J9533©1995 RAM: SRM20256 Display: Toshiba T6A04
Info: GRAPHING
Model: TI-82 parcus
Battery: 4 AAA + CR1620
Adapter:
Year: 1994
Chip: TCPU: Toshiba T6C79 ROM: TA1782©2000 RAM: HY62WT081 Display: Toshiba T6A04A84C00
Info:
Model: TI-83
Battery: 4 AAA + CR1620
Adapter:
Year: 1996
Chip: T6C79 toshiba
Info:From a users point of view the TI-83 is compatible with the TI-82 but added some financial functions and the "official" support of assembly programming. A smart decision, the TI-83 developed itself as a popular programming platform and prepared the tremendous success of the TI-83 Plus.
Model: TI-83 plus
Battery: 4 AAA + CR1620
Adapter:
Year: 1999
Chip: CPU: Zilog Z84C0008 ASIC: TI REF 9815455 Flash: AM29F400 RAM: SRM2B256 Display: Toshiba T6A04
Info:The TI-83 Plus added Flash technology to the TI-83 Graphing calculator. This technology gives you the flexibility to add calculator software applications and additional functionality beyond math and science, providing long-term value.
Model: TI-84 plus
Battery: 4*AAA + SR44
Adapter:
Year: 2004
Chip: ASIC: TI REF 83PLUSB/TA2 or TI REF 84PLUSB/TA3 Flash: 29LV800 Display: Toshiba T6K04
Info:The TI-84 Plus doubles the capacity of the Flash ROM of the original TI-83 Plus to 480k Bytes. Other enhancements include a high contrast LCD, an integrated USB port for computer connectivity, an internal clock, and an available kickstand. The clock speed of the Z80 compatible microprocessor raised to 15 MHz compared to the 6 MHz of the earlier TI-83 products
Model: TI-88 (PVT4)
Battery: BP88 (1*AA-NiCd)
Adapter: AC9133
Year: 1982
Chip: TP0485 (CD2901), TP0485 (CD2902), 2*TP0530, 2*TP0531, TP0532 (CD5402), SN77203
Info: We wrote May 1982 when Texas Instruments printed the sales brochures of the TI-88 on glossy paper. The brochures promised the introduction of the TI-58C/TI-59 successor for Forth Quarter 1982 in a package matching the TI-55-II line - before we got word of the TI-66. Today we know more: The development of the TI-88 was finalized, the manuals printed, the first pre-production calculators worked perfectly and Texas Instruments canceled the whole project! Maybe one of the reasons was the introduction of the powerful Hewlett-Packard HP-41C calculator or the innovative Sharp PC-1211 Pocket Computer. Or the underestimated complexity of the TI-88 design. Or electrostatic discharge (ESD) issues of the Module contacts. Or the internal competition with the CC 40 Compact Computer. Or the keyboard problems encountered with the TI-55-II family of calculators. Or the decision of a Manager of TI's Consumer Electronic group to quit the calculator business...
Learn more about the demanding "Project X" initiated already in Summer 1977 and leading not only to the (failed) TI Programmable 88, but the TI-66 PROGRAMMABLE, failed TI-76 PROGRAMMABLE, Compact Computer CC 40, (failed Compact Computer CC 70) and last but not least the successful TI-74 BASICALC and TI-95 PROCALC.
with permission of the author DATAMATH.org
The PC-800 Printer is a dot-matrix thermal printer designed for use with the TI-88 Programmable. It connects to the TI-88 through a 2-pin Peripheral I/O connector. A second Peripheral I/O connector on the back of the PC-800 allows to connect another device like the CA-800 Cassette Interface to the TI-88.
Model: TI-Nspire cas touchpad
Battery: 4 x AAA
Adapter: USB
Year: 2010
Chip: CPU: TI-NS2007C-0 (L9B0713) SDRAM: MT48H16M16 Flash: SEC K9F5608 Display: Novatek NT7702H, 2*xxx
Info: Texas Instruments announced on March 8, 2010 the new TI-Nspire CAS Touchpad and TI-Nspire Touchpad graphing calculators. In the United States the new calculator was listed on the TI website as a complement to the TI-Nspire CAS with Clickpad while in some other countries, e.g. Germany, the calculator was introduced as successor to the previous model. The new Operating System 2.0 and some internal labels on the PCBs (printed circuit boards) of the calculator suggest indeed the switch to a "TI-Nspire 2".
Model: TI-Nspire CX
Battery: 3.7 L1230SP Li-Ion
Adapter: AC9211U
Year: 2011
Chip: CPU: ET-NS2010B-0 (T6UJ1XBG-0002) ,SDRAM and Flash MCP: Samsung K511F12ACA
Info: Texas Instruments introduced at the 2011 T3 International Conference held on February 25-27 in San Antonio, TX with the TI-Nspire CX and TI-Nspire CX CAS their first graphing calculators with full color, backlit displays.
Model: TI-Nspire CX II
Battery: 3.7 L1200SPA Li-Ion
Adapter:
Year: 2019
Chip: CPU: ET-NS2018-000 (S6M98) SDRAM Micron MT46H32M Flash-ROM: Micron MT29F1G01
Info:Texas Instruments introduced at the 2011 T3 International Conference held on February 25-27 in San Antonio, TX with the TI-Nspire CX and TI-Nspire CX CAS their first graphing calculators with full color, backlit displays.
Model: View Screen TI-80 /81 /82 /83
Battery: power from calculator
Adapter:
Year: 2004
Chip: Toshiba T6A04A
Info:The TI ViewScreen panel connects with a cable to the Texas Instruments Graphing calculators. Placing the panel on the overhead projector enlarges the image of the handheld screen so that each student can follow along.






































































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