Majestic line

Model: TI-57 programmable Battery: BP6 , BP7 Adapter: AC9131 , AC9132 Year: 1980 Price: L.55.000 + iva 14 %Chip: TMC1501 Info: From an advertisement of the time! The most versatile. Because it is specialized it has 50 compact program steps. Thus it is a real programmable one which, maintaining at the same time the characteristics of a scientific one, lends itself to solving many problems with extreme flexibility. 8 addressable memories, AOS (algebraic operating system), 9 levels of parentheses, 10 labels, 2 levels of subroutines, 4 decision functions, 2 loop control functions. This is why it is the best-selling scientific-programmable in the world!

Model: TI-57 programmabile Battery: BP6 , BP7 Adapter: AC9131 , AC9132 Year: 1980 Price: L.55.000 + iva 14 %Chip: TMC1501 Info: From an advertisement of the time! The most versatile. Because it is specialized it has 50 compact program steps. Thus it is a real programmable one which, maintaining at the same time the characteristics of a scientific one, lends itself to solving many problems with extreme flexibility. 8 addressable memories, AOS (algebraic operating system), 9 levels of parentheses, 10 labels, 2 levels of subroutines, 4 decision functions, 2 loop control functions. This is why it is the best-selling scientific-programmable in the world! Special version with Italian mask, probable prototype.

Property Marie Collas

Model: TI-58 Battery: BP1 A Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105 Year: 1977Chip: TMC0501E TMC0582 TMC0583 TMC0571 2x TMC0598 Info: TI-58 / 59 programmable

Model: TI-58 C Battery: BP1 A Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105 Year: 1982Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047 Info: TI-58 / 59 programmable

Model: TI-59 Battery: BP1 A Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105 Year: 1980Chip: TMC0501E TMC0582 TMC0583 TMC0571 TMC0594 4x TMC0598 Info: TI-58 / 59 programmable

TI-58 or TI-59 calculator this rare Marine Navigation version uses a specialized module with navigation related programs. The calculator was mounted in a expensive wooden box and equipped with a DC-converter for usage on a boat.

The TI-58 and TI-59 calculators introduced a novelty, the Solid State Software Modules™ with up to 5000 program steps. On the backside of the TI-58/59 you'll note a small lid with a place for a module. The Master Library, known as "Module -1-", with 25 different programs was included with the TI-58, TI-58C, and TI-59. Twelve additional Solid State Software Modules™, known as "Module -2- to -13-" were available from Texas Instruments as Standard Modules.

1	Master Libray	TMC0541
2	Applied Statistics	TMC0542
3	Real Estate Investment	TMC0543
4	Surveying	TMC0544
5	Marine Navigation	TMC0545
6	Aviation	TMC0546
7	Leisure Library	TMC0547
8	Security Analysies	TMC0548
9	Business Decision	TMC0549
10	Math Utilities	TMC0550
11	Electrical Engineering	TMC0551
12	Agriculture	TMC0554
12	Surveying ITALY	???
13	Structural Engineerign	TMC0553
13	RPN Simulator	TMC0555
16	Loran C Navigation	TMC0540

TroubleShooting

Card reader with replacement of the licorice wheel... As promised the photos. I used the 7 mm external and 3 mm internal tube, in some cases I had to use the 6 mm one (SR series), since you disassemble everything, clean all the gears and then use a lithium grease (little I recommend). Since you have to disassemble everything, clean the magnetic head with isopropyl alcohol.

TI 58 / 59 series

Model: TI-59 ALLIANZ Battery: BP1 A Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105 Year: 1979Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047 Info: made in Holland

TI 58 / 59 series

Model: TI-59 Chrysler Credicavia Battery: BP1 A Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105 Year: 1978Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047 Info: made in Holland

TI 58 / 59 series

Model: TI-59 Creg insurance FR Battery: BP1 A Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105 Year: 1978Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047 Info:The innovative TI-59 was the perfect base for a lot of customized calculators. This one was used end of the 70^th by insurance agents of the French CREG company.

TI 58 / 59 series

Model: TI-59 EDF FR Battery: BP1 A Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105 Year: 1978Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047 Info: The innovative TI-59 was the perfect base for a lot of customized calculators. This one was used end of the 70^th by the EDF Group in France - a leading supplier of Electricity in Europe - to calculate the necessary energy to heat rooms and houses

TI 58 / 59 series

Model: TI-59 IMCO mudmod Battery: BP1 A Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105 Year: 1978Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047 Info: The IMCO "MudMod" application was developed in 1982 by IMCO Services, a division of Halliburton Co., Houston for internal use only. IMCO's first module ("DrilMod") with applications in the areas of well control, annular and bit hydraulics, directional design, d-exponents, cost/ft, and drilling mud, a total of 16 programs in all, and second module (“BossMod”) for well-control operations were sold to customers.

TI 58 / 59 series

Model: TI-59 LLOYD Battery: BP1 A Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105 Year: 1978Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047 Info: TI-58 / 59 programmable

TI 58 / 59 series

Model: TI-59 LVM insurance Battery: BP1 A Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105 Year: 1978Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047 Info: The innovative TI-59 was the perfect base for a lot of customized calculators. This one was used end of the 70^th by insurance agents of the German LVM company.

TI 58 / 59 series

Model: TI-59 SCOT WARE CL 4 Battery: BP1 A Adapter: AC9131 or DC9105 Year: 1978Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047 Info: Scot Ware by Scotch Programs Inc., headquartered in Miami, Florida, introduced already in April 1978 with the CL4 cooling load calculation an early application programmed in a customized Solid State Software Module. Purchased but never arrived!!

DATAMATH.ORG

TI 58 / 59 series

Model: TI-59 WG&L Tax Planner Battery: BP1 A Adapter: AC9131 Year: 1981Chip: TMC0501E TMC0591 CD2400 CD2401 TMC0573 TC5047 Info: The tax planner application was developed in 1982 by Warren, Gorham & Lamont, Valhalla NY (WG&L) and programmed by Texas Instruments into a Solid State Software Module. Please notice the © 1983, 1984 date of the module. These modules were probably changed every year due to updates in the tax calculation process and WG&L introduced in 1985 with the incotax calculator a more flexible approach.

Slanted LCD

Model: TI-60 Battery: 2 x LR44 Adapter: Year: 1987Chip: CD4815-CD4614 Info: slanted LCD generation

Galaxy line

Model: TI-65 Battery: 2 x LR44 Adapter: Year: 1988Chip: CD4805 , CD4806 Info:The TI-65 Technical Analyst is a quite interesting calculator within the Galaxy-line.

Galaxy line

Model: TI-66 Battery: 2 x LR44 Adapter: Year: 1984Chip: Toshiba T6875, TC5514A Info: GALAXY line

LCD-1985-1990

Model: TI-68 Battery: CR2032Adapter: Year: 1990Chip: CPU: Toshiba T9948A Info: Taiwan

Model: TI-68 prototype Battery: CR2032Adapter: Year: 1985Chip: CPU: Toshiba T9948A Info:Calculator donated by Massa Gennaro in 2023 during the 2nd edition "the story with Texas Instruments" in Rieti, (World Chili Pepper Fair). This was a prototype with transparent case, built in the Rieti factory.

Model: TI-701 graffiti Battery: solar Adapter: no Year: 1989Chip: Info: All models share the same design idea of a round "light tube" to collect ambient light and transport it to the high-efficiency solar cells, in the same line you can find the TI-703 blue ocean the TI-702 city night . Made in Taiwan

Special thanks go to Mrs. Pina Battinelli, who donated this calculator.

Dear Sirs, it is with great pleasure and considerable emotion that I entrust to your organization the "companion" of my initial schooling. Thank you and good luck.

Un particolare ringraziamento va alla Signora Pina Battinelli che ha donato questa calcolatrice. Scrivendo:

Gentilissimi, con grande piacere e non poca emozione affido alla vostra associazione la "compagna" del mio iniziale percosrso scolastico. Grazie e in bocca al lupo

Model: TI-702 city night Battery: solar Adapter: no Year: 1989Chip: Info:All models share the same design idea of a round "light tube" to collect ambient light and transport it to the high-efficiency solar cells, in the same line you can find the TI-701 graffiti the TI-703 blue ocean . Made in Taiwan

Model: TI-703 blue ocean Battery: solar Adapter: no Year: 1989Chip: Info:All models share the same design idea of a round "light tube" to collect ambient light and transport it to the high-efficiency solar cells, in the same line you can find the TI-701 graffiti the TI-702 city night . Made in Taiwan

LCD-1991-1999

Model: TI-7100 Battery: Solar Adapter: Year: 1991Chip: Info:

LCD-1991-1999

Model: TI-7140 Battery: solar Adapter: Year: 1994Chip: Info:

Graphing

Model: TI-73 Battery: 4 AAA + CR1620 Adapter: Year: 1999Chip: Zilog Z84C0008 Info: GRAPHING

LCD-1985-1990

Model: TI-7300 Battery: solar Adapter: Year: 1989Chip: Info:

Graphing

Graphing

Model: TI-81 Battery: 4 AAA + CR1620 Adapter: Year: 1991Chip: T6A49Atoshiba Info: GRAPHING

Graphing

Model: TI-81 Battery: 4 AAA + CR1620 Adapter: Year: 1993Chip: T6A43toshiba Info: GRAPHING

Graphing

Graphing

Graphing

Model: TI-83 Battery: 4 AAA + CR1620 Adapter: Year: 1996Chip: T6C79 toshiba Info:From a users point of view the TI-83 is compatible with the TI-82 but added some financial functions and the "official" support of assembly programming. A smart decision, the TI-83 developed itself as a popular programming platform and prepared the tremendous success of the TI-83 Plus.

Wikipedia TI-83 series

Graphing

Model: TI-83 plus Battery: 4 AAA + CR1620 Adapter: Year: 1999Chip: CPU: Zilog Z84C0008 ASIC: TI REF 9815455 Flash: AM29F400 RAM: SRM2B256 Display: Toshiba T6A04 Info:The TI-83 Plus added Flash technology to the TI-83 Graphing calculator. This technology gives you the flexibility to add calculator software applications and additional functionality beyond math and science, providing long-term value.

Wikipedia TI-83 series

Graphing

Model: TI-84 plus Battery: 4*AAA + SR44 Adapter: Year: 2004Chip: ASIC: TI REF 83PLUSB/TA2 or TI REF 84PLUSB/TA3 Flash: 29LV800 Display: Toshiba T6K04Info:The TI-84 Plus doubles the capacity of the Flash ROM of the original TI-83 Plus to 480k Bytes. Other enhancements include a high contrast LCD, an integrated USB port for computer connectivity, an internal clock, and an available kickstand. The clock speed of the Z80 compatible microprocessor raised to 15 MHz compared to the 6 MHz of the earlier TI-83 products

Graphing

Model: TI-85 Battery: 4 AAA + CR1620 Adapter: Year: 1992Chip: T6A43 toshiba Info: GRAPHING

Graphing

Model: TI-86 Battery: 4 AAA + CR1620 Adapter: Year: 2000Chip: T6A43 toshiba Info: GRAPHING

Model: TI-88 (PVT4) Battery: BP88 (1*AA-NiCd) Adapter: AC9133 Year: 1982Chip: TP0485 (CD2901), TP0485 (CD2902), 2*TP0530, 2*TP0531, TP0532 (CD5402), SN77203

Info: We wrote May 1982 when Texas Instruments printed the sales brochures of the TI-88 on glossy paper. The brochures promised the introduction of the TI-58C/TI-59 successor for Forth Quarter 1982 in a package matching the TI-55-II line - before we got word of the TI-66. Today we know more: The development of the TI-88 was finalized, the manuals printed, the first pre-production calculators worked perfectly and Texas Instruments canceled the whole project! Maybe one of the reasons was the introduction of the powerful Hewlett-Packard HP-41C calculator or the innovative Sharp PC-1211 Pocket Computer. Or the underestimated complexity of the TI-88 design. Or electrostatic discharge (ESD) issues of the Module contacts. Or the internal competition with the CC 40 Compact Computer. Or the keyboard problems encountered with the TI-55-II family of calculators. Or the decision of a Manager of TI's Consumer Electronic group to quit the calculator business...

Learn more about the demanding "Project X" initiated already in Summer 1977 and leading not only to the (failed) TI Programmable 88, but the TI-66 PROGRAMMABLE, failed TI-76 PROGRAMMABLE, Compact Computer CC 40, (failed Compact Computer CC 70) and last but not least the successful TI-74 BASICALC and TI-95 PROCALC.

with permission of the author DATAMATH.org

The PC-800 Printer is a dot-matrix thermal printer designed for use with the TI-88 Programmable. It connects to the TI-88 through a 2-pin Peripheral I/O connector. A second Peripheral I/O connector on the back of the PC-800 allows to connect another device like the CA-800 Cassette Interface to the TI-88.

First Symbolic

Model: TI-92 Battery: 4 x LR43 + CR2032 Adapter: Year: 1996Chip: SC414181 Info: first SYMBOLIC

Graphing

Model: TI-Nspire cas touchpad Battery: 4 x AAA Adapter: USB Year: 2010Chip: CPU: TI-NS2007C-0 (L9B0713) SDRAM: MT48H16M16 Flash: SEC K9F5608 Display: Novatek NT7702H, 2*xxx Info: Texas Instruments announced on March 8, 2010 the new TI-Nspire CAS Touchpad and TI-Nspire Touchpad graphing calculators. In the United States the new calculator was listed on the TI website as a complement to the TI-Nspire CAS with Clickpad while in some other countries, e.g. Germany, the calculator was introduced as successor to the previous model. The new Operating System 2.0 and some internal labels on the PCBs (printed circuit boards) of the calculator suggest indeed the switch to a "TI-Nspire 2".

Graphing

Model: TI-Nspire CX Battery: 3.7 L1230SP Li-Ion Adapter: AC9211U Year: 2011Chip: CPU: ET-NS2010B-0 (T6UJ1XBG-0002) ,SDRAM and Flash MCP: Samsung K511F12ACA Info: Texas Instruments introduced at the 2011 T3 International Conference held on February 25-27 in San Antonio, TX with the TI-Nspire CX and TI-Nspire CX CAS their first graphing calculators with full color, backlit displays.

Graphing

Model: TI-Nspire CX II Battery: 3.7 L1200SPA Li-Ion Adapter: Year: 2019Chip: CPU: ET-NS2018-000 (S6M98) SDRAM Micron MT46H32M Flash-ROM: Micron MT29F1G01 Info:Texas Instruments introduced at the 2011 T³ International Conference held on February 25-27 in San Antonio, TX with the TI-Nspire CX and TI-Nspire CX CAS their first graphing calculators with full color, backlit displays.

with permission DATAMTH.ORG

Graphing

Model: View Screen TI-80 /81 /82 /83 Battery: power from calculator Adapter: Year: 2004Chip: Toshiba T6A04AInfo:The TI ViewScreen panel connects with a cable to the Texas Instruments Graphing calculators. Placing the panel on the overhead projector enlarges the image of the handheld screen so that each student can follow along.

System CC-40

Compact Computer 40 or CC-40 is a battery-powered laptop that was developed by Texas Instruments and released in March 1983. Priced at $ 249, it weighs 600 grams and can be powered by four AA batteries or an adapter CA. It was designed as a portable business computer and uses TI's TMS70C20 CPU, an 8-bit microprocessor running at 2.5 MHz.

The CC-40 has 6 kilobytes of random access memory (expandable to 18 KB), 34 KB of read-only memory, and a 31-character LCD display. It is capable of running for 200 hours on one set of batteries and the memory is not cleared by turning off the unit, so a non-powered unit can retain data for several months.

The CC-40 has a single Hexbus port for connecting peripherals. The following Hexbus peripherals have been released: 80 column printer, printer / plotter, RS232 and modem. A "wafertape" digital drive (a licensed version of the Exatron Stringy Floppy) [1] pictured on the computer box was released as a prototype only, reportedly because it proved too unreliable. The inability to store the data has permanently damaged the sales of the CC-40.

The software was only available on cartridge or by typing programs into its built-in BASIC interpreter. The BASIC interpreter is similar but not identical to the TI-99 / 4A.

My modules are: module statistic / mathematics /advance electrical engineering / finance only manual

BASIC quick reference card with permission www.datamath.org

System CC-40

HX-1000 A beautiful 1983 plotter for the Texas Instruments Compact Computer 40 (CC-40). The HX-1000 plotter connects to the CC-40 via Hexbus cable (8 pin to pin) and features a passthrough for additional Hexbus devices. The HX-1000 uses an ALPS DPG1302 print head assembly. The HX-1000 uses four colored nibs (black, green, red and blue) and 55mm paper as in many calculators. Many other brands of plotters use the same mechanism called ALPS DPG1302 such as: Commodore 1520 Tandy CGP-115 Sharp CE-150 Atari 1020 Mattel Aquarius 4615.

Pay particular attention to the batteries, because they must be removed, otherwise you risk destroying the pcb of the plotter, as happened to mine, I had to sweat to get it started again

.If you want to test, enter the following instructions!
100 LINPUT " Enter Message: ";M$
110 OPEN #1,"10",OUTPUT ' 10 address HX-1000
120 PRINT #1,CHR$(1);M$ ' PEN 1
130 PRINT #1,CHR$(2);M$ ' PEN 2
140 PRINT #1,CHR$(3);M$ ' PEN 3
150 PRINT #1,CHR$(4);M$ ' PEN 4
160 CLOSE #1

if you want to list the program, insert : LIST "10"
where 10 is the address of the HX-1000, you can change the address between 10 and 11 by changing the hardawre switch under the paper roll!

USERS MANUAL with permission www.datamath.org

Acorn
6502

The Acorn Electron is a budget version of the BBC Micro educational/home computer introduced by Acorn Computers Ltd on 25 August 1983. It has 32 kilobytes of RAM, and its ROM includes BBC BASIC v2 along with its operating system.

The Electron was able to save and load programs onto audio cassette via a supplied converter cable that connected it to any standard tape recorder that had the correct sockets. It was capable of basic graphics, and could display onto either a television set, a colour (RGB) monitor or a "green screen" monitor.

For a short period, the Electron was reportedly the best selling micro in the United Kingdom, with an estimated 200,000 to 250,000 machines sold over its entire commercial lifespan.

Model: Acorn Adapter: External PSU, 19V AC Year: 1983 Keyboard: 56-key cwitch keyboardCpu: Synertek SY6502A clocked at 2 MHz when accessing ROM and 1 MHz when accessing RAM Speed: 2 mhz CO-processor: x Ram: 432K RAM 32K ROM Sound: 1 channel of sound, 7 octaves; built-in speaker. Software emulation of noise channel supported Display: RF modulator, composite video, RGB monitor output, 160×256 (4 or 16 colours), 320×256 (2 or 4 colours), 640×256 (2 colours), 320×200 (2 colours – spaced display with two blank horizontal lines following every 8 pixel lines), 640×200 (2 colours – spaced display) Size - Weight: 58 mm x 343 mm x 160 mm I/O ports: Expansion port, tape recorder connector (1200 baud CUTS variation on the Kansas City standard for data encoding, via a 7-pin circular DIN connector), aerial TV connector (RF modulator), composite video and RGB monitor output Media: Cassetta, floppy disk (opzionale), cartuccia ROM (opzionale) OS: Acorn MOS V.1.0 Peripherals: x Price: 133 £ (1983)

Wikepedia Acorn Electron

The BBC Microcomputer System, or BBC Micro, is a series of microcomputers designed and built by Acorn Computers Limited in the 1980s for the Computer Literacy Project of the BBC. The machine was the focus of a number of educational BBC TV programmes on computer literacy, starting with The Computer Programme in 1982, followed by Making the Most of the Micro, Computers in Control in 1983, and finally Micro Live in 1985.

Model: BBC micro Adapter: Internal PSU, 220 VAC Year: 1981-1994 Keyboard: Keyboard, twin analogue joysticks with fire buttons, lightpenCpu: Synertek SY6502A clocked at 2 MHz when accessing ROM and 1 MHz when accessing RAM Speed: 2 mhz CO-processor: x Ram: 16–32 KiB (Model A/B)64–128 KiB (Model B+) 128 KiB (Master) Plus 32–128 KB ROM, expandable to 272 KiB Sound: Texas Instruments SN76489, 4 channels, monoTMS5220 speech synthesiser with phrase ROM (optional) Display: PAL/NTSC, UHF/composite/TTL RGB Size - Weight: x I/O ports: Printer parallel, RS-423 serial, user parallel, Econet (optional), 1 MHz bus, Tube second processor interface Media: cassette tape, floppy disk (optional) – 5+1⁄4-inch or (later) 3+1⁄2-inch, hard disk also known as 'Winchester' (rare), Laserdisc (BBC Domesday Project)OS: Acorn MOS V.1.0 Peripherals: x Price: 235 £ (1981)

Wikepedia BBC micro

The Amiga 1200, or A1200 (code-named "Channel Z"), is a personal computer in the Amiga computer family released by Commodore International, aimed at the home computer market. It was launched on October 21, 1992, at a base price of £399 in the United Kingdom (equivalent to £1,040 in 2023) and $599 in the United States (equivalent to $1,340 in 2024). The A1200 was launched a few months after the Amiga 600, using a similar slimline design that replaced the earlier Amiga 500 Plus and Amiga 500. Whereas the A600 used the 16-bit Motorola 68000 of earlier Amigas, the A1200 was built around the 32-bit Motorola 68EC020. Physically, the A1200 is an all-in-one design incorporating the CPU, keyboard, and disk drives (including the option of an internal 2.5" hard disk drive) in one physical unit. The A1200's hardware architecture was later used as the basis for Commodore's Amiga CD32 game console in 1993.

Wikipedia Commodore Amiga 1200

The Amiga 500, also known as the A500, is the first low-end version of the Amiga home computer. It contains the same Motorola 68000 as the Amiga 1000, as well as the same graphics and sound coprocessors, but is in a smaller case similar to that of the Commodore 128.

Commodore announced the Amiga 500 at the January 1987 winter Consumer Electronics Show – at the same time as the high-end Amiga 2000. It was initially available in the Netherlands in April 1987, then the rest of Europe in May. In North America and the UK it was released in October 1987 with a US$699/£499 list price. It competed directly against models in the Atari ST line.

The Amiga 500 was sold in the same retail outlets as the Commodore 64, as opposed to the computer store-only Amiga 1000. It proved to be Commodore's best-selling model, particularly in Europe. Although popular with hobbyists, arguably its most widespread use was as a gaming machine, where its graphics and sound were of significant benefit.

Wikipedia Commodore Amiga 500

Amiga 500

a500 federica (3)

a500 federica (7) a500 federica (1)

a500 federica (5)

This set consisting of an Amiga 500 and an original monitor from the 80s was donated by Federica Grillo!

The Commodore 16 is a home computer made by Commodore International with a 6502-compatible 7501 or 8501 CPU, released in 1984 and intended to be an entry-level computer to replace the VIC-20. A cost-reduced version, the Commodore 116, was mostly sold in Europe.

The C16 and C116 belong to the same family as the higher-end Plus/4 and are internally very similar to it (albeit with less RAM - 16 rather than 64 KB - and lacking the Plus/4's user port and Three plus one software). Software is generally compatible among all three provided it can fit within the C16's smaller RAM and does not utilize the user port on the Plus/4.

While the C16 was a failure on the US market, it enjoyed some success in certain European countries and Mexico.

Wikipedia Commodore C16

The Commodore 64, also known as the C64 or the CBM 64, is an 8-bit home computer introduced in January 1982 by Commodore International (first shown at the Consumer Electronics Show, 7–10 January 1982, in Las Vegas). It has been listed in the Guinness World Records as the highest-selling single computer model of all time, with independent estimates placing the number sold between 12.5 and 17 million units. This claim is in spite of the Commodore 64 having three different Kernal ROM versions, two different SID sound chip versions, a few different motherboard versions and two different cases during its lifetime. Volume production started in early 1982, marketing in August for US$595 (equivalent to $1,596 in 2020).Preceded by the Commodore VIC-20 and Commodore PET, the C64 took its name from its 64 kibibytes (65,536 bytes) of RAM. With support for multicolor sprites and a custom chip for waveform generation, the C64 could create superior visuals and audio compared to systems without such custom hardware.

Wikipedia Commodore C64

The Commodore 64C designers intended the computer to have a new, wedge-shaped case within a year of release, but the change did not occur. In 1986, Commodore released the 64C computer, which is functionally identical to the original. The exterior design was remodeled in the sleeker style of the Commodore 128. The 64C uses new versions of the SID, VIC-II, and I/O chips being deployed. Models with the C64E board had the graphic symbols printed on the top of the keys, instead of the normal location on the front. The sound chip (SID) was changed to use the MOS 8580 chip, with the core voltage reduced from 12V to 9V. The most significant changes include different behavior in the filters and in the volume control, which result in some music/sound effects sounding differently than intended, and in digitally-sampled audio being almost inaudible, respectively (though both of these can mostly be corrected-for in software). The 64 KB RAM memory went from eight chips to two chips. BASIC and the KERNAL went from two separate chips into one 16 KB ROM chip. The PLA chip and some TTL chips were integrated into a DIL 64-pin chip. The "252535-01" PLA integrated the color RAM as well into the same chip. The smaller physical space made it impossible to put in some internal expansions like a floppy-speeder. In the United States, the 64C was often bundled with the third-party GEOS graphical user interface (GUI)-based operating system, as well as the software needed to access Quantum Link. The 1541 drive received a matching face-lift, resulting in the 1541C. Later, a smaller, sleeker 1541-II model was introduced, along with the 800 KB 3.5-inch microfloppy 1581.

Wikipedia Commodore 64C

The Commodore PET 8032 is a line of personal computers produced starting in 1977 by Commodore International. A single all-in-one case combines a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor, Commodore BASIC in read-only memory, keyboard, computer monitor, and, in early models, a cassette deck.

Development of the system began in 1976 and a prototype was demonstrated at the January 1977 Consumer Electronics Show. A series of problems delayed production versions until December 1977, by which time the TRS-80 and Apple II had already begun deliveries. Byte referred to the three machines collectively as the "1977 trinity".

The PET design underwent a series of updates: more memory, better keyboard, larger screen, and other modifications. The systems were a top seller in the Canadian and United States education markets, as well as for business use in Europe.

Wikipedia Commodore PET

The Commodore SX-64, also known as the Executive 64, or VIP-64 in Europe, is a portable, briefcase/suitcase-size "luggable" version of the popular Commodore 64 home computer and the first full-color portable computer.

The SX-64 features a built-in five-inch composite monitor and a built-in 1541 floppy drive. It weighs 10.5 kg (23 lb). The machine is carried by its sturdy handle, which doubles as an adjustable stand. It was announced in January 1983 and released a year later, at 995 USD (equivalent to $2,595 in 2021).

Wikipedia Commodore SX-64

The Commodore VIC-20 (known as the VC-20 in Germany and the VIC-1001 in Japan) is an 8-it home computer that was sold by Commodore Business Machines. The VIC-20 was announced in 1980,roughly three years after Commodore's first personal computer, the PET. The VIC-20 was the first computer of any description to sell one million units. It was described as "one of the first anti-spectatorial, non-esoteric computers by design...no longer relegated to hobbyist/enthusiasts or those with money, the computer Commodore developed was the computer of the future."

The VIC-20 was called VC-20 in Germany because the pronunciation of VIC with a German accent sounds like the German expletives "fick" or "wichsen". The term VC was marketed as though it were an abbreviation of VolksComputer ("people's computer," similar to Volkswagen and Volksempfänger).

Wikipedia Commodore VIC20

LED Watch CBM TIME - Commodore France

Remember the golden age of home computing? Introduced in 1980 .... COMMODORE 64 was the most popular home computer of the day. Before Commodore produced this landmark system....this same company produced a very cool LED watch! 1975..

THEC64 (2019). The C64 is back, this time in full size and featuring a fully functional keyboard for fans of the best-selling computer of all time. The included joystick has been upgraded with micro switches, making the built-in games more fun than ever. It allows you to load and save your own files and games via USB flash drive and to program in C64 or VIC-20 BASIC.

64 games included, with the option to add more

Alleykat, Anarchy, Attack of the Mutant Camels, Avenger, Battle Valley, Bear Bovver, Boulder Dash, Bounder, California Games, Chips Challenge, Confuzion, Cosmic Causeway, Cyberdyne Warrior, Cybernoid II, Deflektor, Destroyer, Everyone's a Wally, Firelord, Galencia, Gateway to Apshai, Gribbly's Day Out, Gridrunner (VIC 20), Heartland, Herobotix, Highway Encounter, Hover Bovver, Impossible Mission, Impossible Mission II, IO, Iridis Alpha, Jumpman, Mega Apocalypse, Mission AD, Monty Mole, Monty in fuga, Nebulus, Netherworld, Nodi di Yesod, Paradroid, Pitstop II, Planet of Death, Psychedelia (VIC 20), Ranarama, Robin of the Wood, Silicon Warrior, Skate Crazy, Speedball 2, Spindizzy, Steel, Street Sports Baseball , Street Sports Basketball, Summer Games II (include eventi Summer Games), Super Cycle, Sword of Fargoal, Temple of Apshai Trilogy,The Arc of Yesod, Thing Bounces Back, Thing on a Spring, Trailblazer, Uridium, Chi osa vince II, Giochi invernali, Giochi mondiali, Zynap.

Here it is on display at the World Chili Fair 2025

The Enterprise is a Zilog Z80-based home computer announced in 1983, but through a series of delays, not commercially available until 1985. The specification as released was powerful and one of the higher end in its class (though not by the margin envisaged in 1983). This was due to the use of ASICs for graphics and sound which took workload away from the CPU, an extensive implementation of ANSI BASICand a bank switching system to allow for larger amounts of RAM than the Z80 natively supported. It also featured a distinctive and colourful case design, and promise of multiple expansion options. Ultimately it was not commercially successful, after multiple renames, delays and a changing market place. Its manufacturer calling in the receivers in 1986 with significant debt. It was developed by British company Intelligent Software and marketed by Enterprise Computers. Its two variants are the Enterprise 64, with 64 kilobytes of Random Access Memory (RAM), and the Enterprise 128, with 128 KB of RAM.

Wikipedia Enterprise Computer

The EXL 100, is a computer released in 1984 by the French brand Exelvision, based on the TMS 7020 microprocessor from Texas Instruments. This was an uncommon design choice (at the time almost all home computers either used 6502 or Z80 microprocessors) but justified by the fact that the engineering team behind the machine (Jacques Palpacuer, Victor Zebrouck and Christian Petiot) came from Texas instruments. It was part of the government Computing for All plan and 9000 units were used in schools.

The design is unusual compared with similar machines of the time, as it had a separate central processing unit. Two keyboards are available: one with rubber keys and another with a more standard touch. Keyboard and joystick were not connected to the central unit by a cable but by infrared link, and are battery powered. Many extensions were available: modem, floppy disk drive and a 16 KB CMOS RAM powered by an integrated lithium battery. Its TMS 5220 sound processor was capable of French speech synthesis, another unusual feature.

Wikipedia EXL 100

The Personal System/2 or PS/2 is IBM's third generation of personal computers. Released in 1987, it officially replaced the IBM PC, XT, AT, and PC Convertible in IBM's lineup. Many of the PS/2's innovations, such as the 16550 UART (serial port), 1440 KB 3.5-inch floppy disk format, Model M keyboard layout, 72-pin SIMMs, the PS/2 port, and the VGA video standard, went on to become standards in the broader PC market.

The PS/2 line was created by IBM partly in an attempt to recapture control of the PC market by introducing the advanced yet proprietary Micro Channel architecture (MCA) on higher-end models. These models were in the strange position of being incompatible with the IBM-compatible hardware standards previously established by IBM and adopted in the PC industry. However IBM's initial PS/2 computers were popular with target market corporate buyers, and by September 1988 IBM reported that it had sold 3 million PS/2 machines. This was only 18 months after the new range had been introduced.

Wikipedia IBM PS/2

- Aquarius is a home computer designed by Radofin and released by Mattel Electronics in 1983. Based on the Zilog Z80 microprocessor, the system has a rubber chiclet keyboard, 4K of RAM, and a subset of Microsoft BASIC in ROM. It connects to a television set for audiovisual output, and uses a cassette tape recorder for secondary data storage. A limited number of peripherals, such as a 40-column thermal printer, a 4-color printer/plotter, and a 300 baud modem, were released. The Aquarius was discontinued in October 1983, only a few months after it was launched.us.

Object is a memory and program cartridge expansion unit and 2 game controllers for the Aquarius home computer system in original system box. Game controllers in original plastic; mini expander has been used; original Styrofoam packing in place. Year 1983

Model: Aquarius Adapter: Non-removable external power supply hard-wired into case providing 8.8 / 16 / -19 VDC Year: 1983 Keyboard: 48-key rubber chiclet keyboardCpu: Zilog Z80 Speed: 3,5 mhz CO-processor: x Ram: 4k (expandable to 36k) Sound: One voice, expandable to four voices Display: 80x72 semigraphics in 16 colors (TEA1002 chip, 40x24 text characters - with a 25th "zero" row at top - with a size of 8x8 pixels, equivalent to 320 x 192 pixels) Size - Weight: 34,5 (W) x 15 (D) x 5,5 (H) cm. I/O ports: Television, cartridge/expansion, tape recorder, printer Media: x OS: Aquarius Basic Peripherals: Mini expander, Data recorder, Thermal Printer, color printer, Modem, 4K RAM, Quick Disk, 32k RAM, Micro expander Price: 49.90 $ (1984)

Wikipedia Mattel Aquarius

Olivetti

The Olivetti M24 is a personal computer produced at the Olivetti plant in Scarmagno since 1983 . It was born as a competitor of the IBM PC and had great success on all world markets.

Unlike the IBM PC, which adopted the processor Intel 8088 with a clock of 4.7 MHz, the M24 adopted the more powerful Intel 8086 , with the clock speed of 8 or 10 MHz (the second version SP ), a bus 16-bit data and the ability to increase performance by decreasing the memory refresh rate via software, CGA graphics or NEC 6845 graphics accelerator and 7 free expansion slots. Produced starting from 1983, in one of the typical configurations it cost about six million lire as of January 1986 , equivalent to 10,012 euros in May 2019 . An AT&T 6300 dating from around 1986: earlier models had the function keys lined up on the left side of the keyboard instead of at the top like this model. On the screen the NetHack videogame .

It was possible to choose the hardware and software configuration, from 128 KiB to 640 KiB of RAM (further expandable with EMS memory), 16 KiB ROM, two-unit floppy disk drive or the internal hard disk (only initially 5 MB, then 10 MB and 20 MB), or even two hard disks (one located externally), from the excellent Hantarex monitor with green or gray phosphors and color models. Already at the beginning of 1984 the standard configuration was with 640 KiB and 10 MiB internal hard disk or 27 MiB external hard disk.

Wikipedia Olivetti M24

Olivetti

Olivetti Prodest PC 128 is a home computer distributed in Italy by Olivetti since 1986 , the first of the Olivetti Prodest series .The computer is based on the Thomson MO6 model produced by the French company Thomson SA , on which aesthetic changes have been applied and the characteristic logo with the image of a pyramid added. The selling price of the basic version was 380000 lire, and was also sold in a second version called " PC 128 starter kit " which included the optical pen and ColorPaint software at a price of 420000 lire.

Wikipedia Olivetti Prodest 128

Computer
Z80

The Osborne 1 is the first commercially successful portable computer, released on April 3, 1981 by Osborne Computer Corporation. It weighs 24.5 lb (11.1 kg), cost US$1,795, and runs the CP/M 2.2 operating system. It is powered from a wall socket, as it has no on-board battery, but it is still classed as a portable device since it can be hand-carried when the keyboard is closed.

The computer shipped with a large bundle of software that was almost equivalent in value to the machine itself, a practice adopted by other CP/M computer vendors. Competitors quickly appeared, such as the Kaypro II.

Wikepedia Osborne 1

Philips

The Philips P2000T home computer was Philips' first real entry in the home computer market, after the Philips Videopac G7000 game system (better known in North America as the Magnavox Odyssey2) which they already sold to compete with the Atari 2600 and similar game systems. There was also a P2000M version with an additional 80-column card for use with a monochrome monitor. This version shipped with a monitor cabinet also housing a dual 5.25" floppy drive.

The P2000T was a Z80-based home computer that used a Mullard SAA5050 Teletext display chip to produce the video picture and a small Mini-Cassette recorder for 42 kilobytes of mass storage capacity. The Mini-Cassette was treated as a floppy drive from the user's perspective while using the automatic search for a program (CLOAD command) or free space (CSAVE). A command to display the directory of the cassette also exists.^[1] Philips used components they already produced for other markets (television sets and dictation machines) to quickly design a small computer system. It was partially designed by Austrian professor Dieter Hammer.

Wikipedia P2000 T

Computer
Z80

The VG 8020 was Philips' third MSX 1 computer, after the VG8000 (which did not even have a printer port) and the VG8010 computers.This version had a real keyboard, not a chiclet keyboard like its predecessors. The VG-8020 was released in 1984 and featured a Zilog Z80A microprocessor clocked at 3.56 MHz, 64KB of RAM, 16KB of VRAM, and two cartridge slots.

Wikipedia Philips VG-8020

The Philips VG-8235 was an MSX-2 - home computer from Philips and came in 1986 to the market. The new price at that time was around 1500 DM . The VG-8235 was one of the best equipped MSX home computers at the time. It had already integrated a 3.5 inch floppy disk drive (capacity 360 KByte) and was equipped with 128 KByte video memory. The video memory enabled different screen modes with a maximum resolution of 512 × 212 with 256 colors.

Wikipedia VG-8235

Radioshack

The TRS-80 Micro Computer System (TRS-80, later renamed the Model I to distinguish it from successors) is a desktop microcomputer launched in 1977 and sold by Tandy Corporation through their Radio Shack stores. The name is an abbreviation of Tandy Radio Shack, Z80 [microprocessor]. It is one of the earliest mass-produced and mass-marketed retail home computers.

The TRS-80 has a full-stroke QWERTY keyboard, the Zilog Z80 processor, 4 KB DRAM standard memory, small size and desk footprint, floating-point Level I BASIC language interpreter in ROM, 64-character per line video monitor, and a starting price of US$600 (equivalent to US$2,600 in 2020). A cassette tape drive for program storage was included in the original package.

Wikipedia TRS-80

The SG-1000, also known as the Sega Game 1000 or Sega Mark I, is a home video game console manufactured by Sega and released in Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and other regions. It was Sega's first entry into the home video game hardware business. Introduced in 1983, the SG-1000 was released on the same day that Nintendo released the Family Computer in Japan. The SG-1000 was released in several forms, including the SC-3000 computer and the redesigned SG-1000 II released in 1984. A third iteration of the console, the Sega Mark III, was released in 1985. It provided a custom video display processor over previous iterations and served as the basis for the Master System in 1986, Sega's first internationally released console.

Developed in response to a downturn in arcades in 1982, the SG-1000 was created on the advice of Hayao Nakayama, president of Sega Enterprises, Ltd. Shortly after the release, Sega Enterprises was sold to CSK Corporation, which was followed by the release of the SG-1000 II. The SC-3000 and the SG-1000 line both support a library of 76 ROM cartridge games and 29 Sega My Card games, all of which are fully compatible with the Mark III and the Japanese version of the Master System.

Wikipedia SC-1000

THE Sega Megadrive (2025).

The Sega Mega Drive Flashback HD is a retro game console with 83 built-in games. It includes flagship titles like Sega Sonic and Phantasy Star, as well as save, pause, and rewind functions for every game. It is a remake of the original Sega Genesis console. Two wireless controllers (2.4GHz) and an HDMI output (720p) are included, along with an HDMI cable. The built-in cartridge holder can play original Sega Genesis games (no games included).

Features:

83 built-in classic games
An exceptional selection of Sega classics: Sonic series, Phantasy Star series, and Shining Force series
Two wireless controllers (2.4GHz) in the style of the original Sega Genesis/Mega Drive console
Save, pause, and rewind functions for every game
HDMI cable and 220V power supply included.

Here it is on display at the World Chili Fair 2025

The Cambridge Z88 is a portable computer designed by Clive Sinclair and marketed by Cambridge Computers Ltd. since 1988 . It is a laptop based on the Zilog Z80A microprocessor operating at 3.28 MHz . Power is supplied by common AA batteries which guarantee a maximum autonomy of 20 hours.

Wikipedia Cambridge Z88

The Black Watch is an electronic wristwatch launched in September 1975 by Sinclair Radionics. It cost £24.95 ready-built, but was also available for £17.95, as a kit.^[These prices are equivalent to around £190 and £140 respectively in 2021, when adjusted for inflation.

The Black Watch was supplied with a plastic band as standard, with a black stainless steel bracelet available as an extra at £2.00.

I'm a fan of watches especially Texas Instruments, but when I come across watches like this 1975 Sinclair black watch I don't let it get away. Unfortunately he had problems with corrosion from the usual button cell batteries.

I solved, as often happens with objects with corroded pcb, to use 0.03 mm copper sheets. You have to clean up the damaged part and copy the part of the PCB to be reproduced on a transparent sheet, copy it on the copper sheet and cut it.

Then glue the pcb reproduced with silicone or with glue for gold leaf, I prefer the latter. Put it all together and you're done.

Wikipedia Sinclair Black Watch

The Sinclair QL (for Quantum Leap) is a personal computer launched by Sinclair Research in 1984, as an upper-end counterpart to the ZX Spectrum.

The QL was aimed at the serious home user and professional and executive users markets from small to medium-sized businesses and higher educational establishments, but failed to achieve commercial success.

While the ZX Spectrum has an 8-bit Zilog Z80 as the CPU, the QL uses a Motorola 68008. The 68008 is a member of the Motorola 68000 family with 32-bit internal data registers, but an 8-bit external data bus.

Wikipedia Sinclair QL

TroubleShooting

Power-on problem: White screen, possible faulty RAM memory.

I recommend installing the "Minerva" eprom, FW developed to give a new basic, but above all to help turn on the QL. Remove the two original EPROMs and insert the socket with the new EPROM.

Wikipedia Minerva

in case of error a screen like this will appear. This window tells us that the first line is the value that is written to RAM, the second line is the read value, the third is the memory address.

In this case, a little program developed by XAD at this address comes to our aid: https://www.nightfallcrew.com/minervaram/index.php
We enter the data and we will have an indication of the faulty RAM. In our case the U4.

IF < $30000 (ADDRESS) = IC8 ,IC7 ,IC6 ,IC5 ,IC4 ,IC3 ,IC2 ,IC1

IF > $30000 (ADDRESS) = IC16 ,IC15 ,IC14 ,IC13 ,IC12 ,IC11 ,IC10 ,IC9

IF > $40000 Faulty ram is in expansion memory.

Here we can see the operation after the repair.

Spectrum Inves +. A clone of the ZX Spectrum+ developed by Investrónica in Spain in 1986, based on the work developed by Investrónica for the ZX Spectrum 128. Released just after Amstrad bought Sinclair Research Ltd, looked much like a normal 48+, but all the inner parts were redesigned. As the ROM was also modified, it has compatibility problems with some games (Bombjack, Commando, Top Gun, etc.).^[1] On the rear there was a Kempston joystick connector.

Due to the fact that Invéstronica was the distributor of Sinclair's products in Spain, and because Amstrad already had its own exclusive distributor in Spain (Indescomp, later bought by Amstrad itself), in 1987 Amstrad sued Investrónica to stop the sale of the computer.^[2] The court agreed with Amstrad, but the decision was not issued until 1991, when the computer was discontinued as the 8-bit computer market in Spain was dead in favor of 16-bit computers.

Wikipedia Spectrum Inves +

THE Spectrum (2024) Relive the magic. A true masterpiece of extraordinary design, born to shine and deserve a place in an art gallery. Decorated in its iconic rainbow colors, this fun, eccentric, and extroverted machine rekindles the joy of simple, immediate games, bringing back that pure, spontaneous experience that modern gaming has slowly forgotten.With a timeless aesthetic and vibrant personality, The Spectrum is more than just an updated replica of the legendary 1980s home computer: it is a true interactive work of art, capable of offering everyone a nostalgic, exciting, and surprisingly contemporary gaming adventure.

Here it is on display at the World Chili Fair 2025

48 built-in games
Contains the best genre defining ZX Spectrum games, such as Manic Miner, Head Over Heels, Saboteur! Remastered, The Hobbit, Army Moves and The Great Escape.

Classic Mode
Switch to Classic Mode and dive into the full ZX Spectrum experience, complete with BASIC programming and virtual cassettes.

48K and 128K compatibility
Compatible with games for 48K to 128K ZX Spectrum models.

Save your progress
Save your progress in one of four save-game slots per game, and return at any time.

Rewind mode
Rewind your gameplay at any time by up to 40 seconds to help you get through those difficult levels!

Extended colours
Supports the ULAplus™ colour mode for richer colour palettes that can be applied to any game.

Load your own
Load and play the programs you already own, optionally with the cassette loading effects you remember.

Display frames
Surround your gameplay with one of 12 attractive frames.

HDMI
High Definition output at 720p 50 or 60Hz.

Four USB ports
Four USB ports support the connection of joysticks, gamepads and USB sticks.

Compatible with game controllers
Compatible with many USB game controllers.

The ZX Spectrum +2 (UK: /zɛdɛks/) is an 8-bit personal home computer developed by Sinclair Research. It was first released in the United Kingdom on 23 April 1982 and went on to become Britain's best selling microcomputer.

Referred to during development as the ZX81 Colour and ZX82, it was launched as the ZX Spectrum to highlight the machine's colour display, compared with the black and white display of its predecessor, the ZX81. The Spectrum was released as eight different models, ranging from the entry level with 16 KB RAM released in 1982 to the ZX Spectrum +3 with 128 KB RAM and built in floppy disk drive in 1987; altogether they sold over 5 million units worldwide (not counting unofficial clones).

The Spectrum was among the first home computers in the UK aimed at a mainstream audience, similar in significance to the Commodore 64 in the US or the MO5 in France. The introduction of the ZX Spectrum led to a boom in companies producing software and hardware for the machine, the effects of which are still seen. Some credit it as the machine which launched the UK IT industry. Licensing deals and clones followed, earning Clive Sinclair a knighthood for services to British industry.

Wikipedia ZX Spectrum +2

The ZX Spectrum +3 (UK: /zɛdɛks/) is an 8-bit personal home computer developed by Sinclair Research. It was first released in the United Kingdom on 23 April 1982 and went on to become Britain's best selling microcomputer.

Wikipedia ZX Spectrum +3

ZX Spectrum 16K.

The ZX Spectrum (UK: /zɛdɛks/) is an 8-bit personal home computer developed by Sinclair Research. It was first released in the United Kingdom on 23 April 1982 and went on to become Britain's best selling microcomputer.

Wikipedia ZX Spectrum 16K

ZX Spectrum+ 48K. Planning of the ZX Spectrum+ started in June 1984, and was released on October 15th. This 48 KB Spectrum (development code-name TB) introduced a new QL-style case with an injection-moulded keyboard and a reset button that was basically a switch that shorted across the CPU reset capacitor. Electronically, it was identical to the previous 48 KB model. It was possible to change the system boards between the original case and the Spectrum+ case. It retailed for £179.95 (equivalent to £583 in 2019). A DIY conversion-kit for older machines was available. Early on, the machine outsold the rubber-key model 2:1; however, some retailers reported a failure rate of up to 30%, compared with a more usual 5–6% for the older model. In early 1985, the original Spectrum was officially discontinued and the ZX Spectrum+ was reduced in price to £129.95 (equivalent to £397 in 2019).

Wikipedia ZX Spectrum + 48 K

The Sinclair ZX80 is a home computer launched on 29 January 1980 by Science of Cambridge Ltd. (later to be better known as Sinclair Research). It is notable for being one of the first computers available in the United Kingdom for less than a hundred pounds. It was available in kit form for £79.95, where purchasers had to assemble and solder it together, and as a ready-built version at £99.95.The ZX80 was very popular straight away, and for some time there was a waiting list of several months for either version of the machine.

Wikipedia ZX80

The ZX 81 is a home computer that was produced by Sinclair Research and manufactured in Dundee, Scotland, by Timex Corporation. It was launched in the United Kingdom in March 1981 as the successor to Sinclair's ZX80 and designed to be a low-cost introduction to home computing for the general public. It was hugely successful; more than 1.5 million units were sold. In the United States it was initially sold as the ZX-81 under licence by Timex. Timex later produced its own versions of the ZX81: the Timex Sinclair 1000 and Timex Sinclair 1500. Unauthorized ZX81 clones were produced in several countries.

The ZX81 was designed to be small, simple, and above all, inexpensive, with as few components as possible. Video output is to a television set rather than a dedicated monitor. Programs and data are loaded and saved onto compact audio cassettes. It uses only four silicon chips and a mere 1 KB of memory. There is no power switch or any moving parts with the exception of a VHF TV channel selector switch present in some models. It has a pressure-sensitive membrane keyboard. The ZX81's limitations prompted a market in third-party peripherals to improve its capabilities. Its distinctive case and keyboard brought designer Rick Dickinson a Design Council award.

The ZX81 could be bought by mail order preassembled or, for a lower price, in kit form. It was the first inexpensive mass-market home computer to be sold by high street stores, led by W. H. Smith and soon many other retailers. The ZX81 marked the point when computing in Britain became an activity for the general public rather than the preserve of businessmen and electronics hobbyists. It produced a huge community of enthusiasts, some of whom founded their own businesses producing software and hardware for the ZX81. Many went on to have roles in the British computer industry. The ZX81's commercial success made Sinclair Research one of Britain's leading computer manufacturers and earned a fortune and an eventual knighthood for the company's founder Sir Clive Sinclair.

Wikipedia ZX81

KIT version of the famous ZX-81

Donated Sergio Massacesi

Wikipedia ZX81

T timex 1000 he Timex Sinclair 1000 (or T/S 1000) was the first computer produced by Timex Sinclair, a joint venture between Timex Corporation and Sinclair Research. It was launched in July 1982, with a US sales price of US$99.95, making it the cheapest home computer at the time; it was advertised as "the first computer under $100".^[1] The computer was aimed at regular home users. As purchased, the T/S 1000 was fully assembled and ready to be plugged into home televisions, which served as a video monitor. The T/S 1000 was a slightly modified version of the Sinclair ZX81 with an NTSC RF modulator, for use with North American TVs, instead of PAL for European TVs. The T/S 1000 doubled the onboard RAM from 1 KB to 2 KB. The T/S 1000's casing had slightly more internal shielding but remained the same as Sinclair's, including the membrane keyboard. It had black-and-white graphics and no sound. It was followed by an improved version, the Timex Sinclair 1500 which had substantially more RAM (16 KB) and a lower price (US$80). However, the T/S 1500 did not achieve market success, given that the marketplace was by this time dominated by Commodore, RadioShack, Atari and Apple.

Wikipedia Timex 1000

The Timex Sinclair 2068 (T/S 2068), released in November 1983, was Timex Sinclair's third and last home computer for the United States market. It was also marketed in Canada, Argentina, Portugal and Poland, as Timex Computer 2068 (TC 2068).

Wikipedia Timex 2068

Console

The Tomy Tutor, originally sold in Japan as the Pyūta (ぴゅう太) and in the UK as the Grandstand Tutor, is a home computer produced by the Japanese toymaker Tomy. It was architecturally similar, but not identical, to the Texas Instruments TI-99/4A, and used a similar Texas Instruments 16-bit CPU.The computer was launched in the UK and the United States in 1983. Outside Japan, however, sales were not significant.

The Atari 2600 hardware was based on the MOS Technology 6507 chip, offering a maximum resolution of 160 x 192 pixels (NTSC), 128 colors, 128 bytes of RAM with 4 kB on cartridges (64 kB via bank switching). The design experienced many makeovers and revisions during its 14-year production history, from the original "heavy sixer" to the Atari 2600 Jr. at the end. The system also has many controllers and third-party peripherals.

Great success of the event, which took place in Rome in 2019, with the name of VCFI (Vintage Computer Festival Italia). On this occasion we had the opportunity to host many characters from this fantastic world, including the famous Allen Acorn, of which we had the opportunity to meet him and get us to sign a console!

WIKIPEDIA Atari 2600

Atari 2600 JR. The 1986 model has a smaller, cost-reduced form factor with an Atari 7800-like appearance. It was advertised as a budget gaming system (under $49.99) with the ability to run a large collection of games. Released after the video game crash of 1983, and after the North American launch of the Nintendo Entertainment System, the 2600 was supported with new games and television commercials promoting "The fun is back!". Atari released several minor stylistic variations: the "large rainbow" (shown), "short rainbow", and an all-black version sold only in Ireland. Later European versions include a joypad.

WIKIPEDIA Atari 2600 Jr

The Atari XE Video Game System (Atari XEGS) is an industrial redesign of the Atari 65XE home computer and the final model in the Atari 8-bit computer series. It was released by Atari Corporation in 1987 and marketed as a home video game console alongside the Nintendo Entertainment System, Sega's Master System, and Atari's own Atari 7800. The XEGS is compatible with existing Atari 8-bit computer hardware and software. Without keyboard, the system operates as a stand-alone game console. With the keyboard, it boots identically to the Atari XE computers. Atari packaged the XEGS as a basic set consisting of only the console and joystick, and as a deluxe set consisting of the console, keyboard, CX40 joystick, and XG-1 light gun.

Wikipedia ATARI XEGS

1000 games for your color TV (NE 74 Year 1981)

By structuring microprocessors, it's possible to create an infinite number of
video games, similar to those we're used to seeing in any bar, with the advantage of being able to use your home
TV for this purpose. It doesn't matter whether it's black and white or color. So, in the evening,
instead of going out, as you've been saying, with a pocket full of 100-lire coins to go play in bars, you can stay
at home, sitting in front of the TV and playing for free with
your friends, mostly being able to modify the game at any time by simply inserting a different ROM into the socket.

Nuova Elettronica N.74 (1981) Nuova Elettronica

Model: Amaze-a-Tron
Battery: 4 x  1,5 C + 2 x 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1979
Chip: TMS1000 / MP3301
Info: Amaze-A-Tron is an electronic board game with eight variations that revolve around a hidden computer-generated maze. The board consists of a five-by-five grid of squares numbered 1 to 25.

At the beginning of the "Opposite Start" game variation, the computer selects a starting square (identified by number) for each player. The players then race to see who can get through the maze first and reach the opponent's starting square, through trial and error. The players alternate taking turns moving through the maze. A player can move through any number of squares until the player runs into a wall, at which point the other player gets to take a turn.

There are two solitaire maze games and six two-player games. In the "Blind Alley" variations, the maze includes dead-ends that force a player to backtrack to get back on the correct path. In the "Back to Start" variations, when a player runs into a wall the player's pawn is returned to the starting square, adding a memory element to the game. In the standard "Maze" game, both players start on the same square and are racing to reach the same destination square.

The plastic game board features a two-digit LED readout, red and green LED's (which correspond to the color of the opposing playing pieces), and a storage compartment for the four playing pieces (plastic pawns and start/finish space markers). A 9-volt battery or AC adapter is required.

Model: Auto Racer
Battery: 1 x 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1976
Chip: TMS
Info:AutoRacer Mattel Auto Race was released in 1976, and was the first Mattel Electronics handheld game made available to the public (and is also the first ever all-electronic handheld, using no moving parts, just electronic components).

Model: Bank Shot
Battery: 6 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1980
Chip: TMS1400 / MP7313
Info: Bank Shot Electronic Handheld Pool Game By Parker Brothers, Model No. 3600, Takes 6 AA Batteries, Copyright 1980

Console

Model: Battle Ship
Battery: 4 x  1,5 AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1979
Chip: TMS1000 / MP3208 , SN76477
Info: Battle Ship. MB Electronics in the 1979 develops and markets the futuristic version of the classic board game Battaglia Navale, with the use of Texas Instruments chips (TMS1000=MP3208 and SN76477), the miracle of electronics once again keeps its promises, colored buttons, electronic sounds and lights, are the strength of Sink the Fleet - this is the title of the game chosen by MB -. On the packaging the term computer is mentioned several times, powerful microcomputer, which was a jaw-dropping thing for the children of that time.

Instructions:

The With the game off, set the LOAD / GO selector to LOAD and then turn the machine on with the ON / OFF selector. For each of the two players, position the yellow and blue cursors respectively on CM (Clear Memory) and on CLE (CLear Entry) and press them; by doing so you erase the memory. Now you can start programming the positions of the fleets, entering all the positions occupied by all the ships; for example if you have the aircraft carrier positioned horizontally from A1 to A5, you must enter the five positions A1, A2, A3, A4, A5: position the blue cursor on the letter A and press it, then position the yellow cursor on number 1 and press it , finally press the red FIRE button; then move the yellow cursor to number 2 and press FIRE, then to number 3 and press FIRE, number 4 + FIRE, number 5 + FIRE; so you have memorized the position of the aircraft carrier.

For example, if you have the submarine positioned vertically from B8 to D8, you must enter the three positions B8, C8, D8; move the yellow cursor to number 8 and press it, the blue cursor to letter B and press it, then press FIRE; move the cursor to the letter C and press it and then FIRE, letter D + FIRE.

If by mistake you press the yellow or blue cursor (therefore number or letter that is) on an incorrect position, you can delete this last entry by going with the blue cursor on CLE and pressing it; now enter the correct number or letter.

Do this for all player 1 and player 2 ships, then move the LOAD / GO selector to GO, and you can start the game. In turn, each player presses the blue, then yellow, then FIRE cursor to attempt to hit the opponent's target.

Model: Big Trak
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C + 2 x 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1979
Chip: TMS1000 / MP3301
Info: BIG TRAK / bigtrak is a programmable toy electric vehicle created by Milton Bradley in 1979, resembling a futuristic Sci-Fi tank / utility vehicle. The original Big Trak was a six-wheeled (two-wheel drive) tank with a front-mounted blue "photon beam" headlamp, and a keypad on top. The toy could remember up to 16 commands, which it then executed in sequence. There also was an optional cargo trailer accessory, with the UK version being white to match its colour scheme; once hooked to the Bigtrak, this trailer could be programmed to dump its payload.

Wikipedia Big Trak

Toys and Speech Games

Model: Cyclon BattleStar Galactica
Battery: 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1978
Chip: TMC0907/ZA0379
Info: The Battlestar Galactica Cyclon, made in Hong Kong, is one of the items I've searched for the most. It uses a TI chip and works like the beautiful MATH MAGIC. It asks you one of ten thousand pre-programmed math questions, using one of four operations, and you have to type the correct answer. If the answer is correct, (the display flashes), or if it's incorrect, (EEE).

Here you can find the WIZ-A-Tron manual (US), you can use it for this Cyclon Battlestar as well. With permission from datamath.org

Toys and Speech Games

Model: Tabletop Defender Strikes
Battery: 6 x type c alkaline
AC adapter:
Year: 1983
Chip: MP6361
Info:This is a rare game that I have searched for a lot. Texas instruments CPU, color VFD display, really interesting, too bad it was broken ... Inside the pcb has a code HP-839B, the broken circuit is the usual switching that generates the various voltages for operation. The two transistors were broken the 2sc1815 case TO92 and the gray transistor without writing, replaced with a BD135 case TO126. Satisfied ...

Model: Entex Poker
Battery: 4 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1979
Chip: TMS1000 / MP2105 Display: Vfd (vacuum fluorescent display)
Info: Vintage Electronic Poker Handheld Game by Entex Industries, Made in Japan, Copyright 1979

User Manual

Model: Entex Soccer
Battery: 6 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1979
Chip: TMS1100 / MP0158
Info: Produced in 1979 and made in Taiwan, it features two game modes: in "car" mode, a single player must reach the goal area (last row of LEDs) and attempt a shot on goal by pressing the "soccer" button. In "man" mode, two players compete, taking turns attacking while the other defends. The player with the ball is identified by the brightest LED.

Model: Entex Space Invader
Battery: 6 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1980
Chip: TMS1100 / MP1211 / COPL44 Display : LED
Info: Entex handheld Space Invader game, their version of the popular arcade game. The black version is copyright 1980 (and was designed/programmed by Entex Tokyo), the grey one is copyright 1981 (and was re-designed and re-programmed by Rick Dyer & AMS, thus it has some differences in appearence and gameplay) (note also that the gray one was made from a slightly different mold). Interesting note: the second wasn't supposed to be gray, someone accidently trans-posed 2 numbers on the paperwork where the Pantone color code was listed (it was supposed to be the same black color). Over 800,000 Space Invaders were produced, which is impressive considering a company was happy to have a production of 100,000.

Model: Merlin
Battery: 1 x 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1980
Chip: TMS1100 / MP3404
Info: Merlin (also known as Merlin The Electronic Wizard, stylized as MERLIN) is a handheld electronic game first made by Parker Brothers in 1978.

The game was invented by former NASA employee Bob Doyle, his wife Holly, and brother-in-law Wendl Thomis.Merlin is notable as one of the earliest and most popular handheld games, selling over 5 million units during its initial run, as well as one of the most long-lived, remaining popular throughout the 1980s. A version of the game was re-released in 2004 by the Milton Bradley Company.

Wikipedia - Merlin Parker Brothers

Model: Monkey See
Battery: 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1985
Chip: TMS1000 / MP0271
Info:This wonderful educational toy is not related to Texas Instruments. It is just for comparision with the rare MATH MAGIC and its sibling WIZ-A-TRON. With this MONKEY SEE Radio Shack changed from the original "calculator chip" MM5780 to a pre-programmed 4-bit microcontroller from Texas Instruments.

Model: Mr MUS-I-CAL
Battery: 9 volt
AC adapter: no
Year: 1979
Chip: TMS1000/MP3206
Info:

Model: Robot Logo
Battery: 4 x  1,5 C+ 2 x 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1982
Chip: TMS5100 / MP3468 / CM62191
Info: Talking radio-controlled, 6 minutes of speech with more than 40 sentences, led lights and backward movement by pressing the remote control

Model: Simon
Battery: 1 x 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1978
Chip: TMS1000 / MP3226
Info:The Simon is an electronic game of short-term memory skill invented by Ralph H. Baer and Howard J. Morrison, working for toy design firm Marvin Glass and Associates, with software programming by Lenny Cope. The device creates a series of tones and lights and requires a user to repeat the sequence. If the user succeeds, the series becomes progressively longer and more complex. Once the user fails or the time limit runs out, the game is over. The original version was manufactured and distributed by Milton Bradley and later by Hasbro after it took over Milton Bradley. Much of the assembly language code was written by Charles Kapps, who taught computer science at Temple University and also wrote one of the first books on the theory of computer programming. Simon was launched in 1978 at Studio 54 in New York City and was an immediate success, becoming a pop culture symbol of the 1970s and 1980s.

Wikipedia - Simon

Model: Star Trekulator
Battery: 4 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1976
Chip: TMS0855
Info:Vintage Mego Corporation 1976 Star Trek The Original Series Star Trekulator Electronic Calculator Of The Future. Released by Mego Corporation in 1976 as part of their series of Star Trek Toys and Action Figures. This fantastic Star Trekulator is a working replica of the calculator used aboard the USS Enterprise. It adds, subtracts, divides, multiples, figures square root and percentages at the flick of a switch. Watch the console flash the computer lights on the bridge of the Enterprise as you work. Great for homework and all your important calculations. Every time you press the total button, your answerappears on the display screen accompanied by Star Trek alarm sounds. A winner any way you add it up.

Model: Total Control 4
Battery: 2 x 9 volt battery
AC adapter:
Year: 1981
Chip: TMS1400 / MP7334
Info:Colecos Total Control 4 is a simple Tabletop, offering a range of multiplayer games with a sport-focus through various "cartridges". These cartridges actually do not contain any ROM or the like, but just some soldered path manipulating the LED-output on the tabletop. The "cartridges" serve as overlays as well.

User Manual

The Magnavox Odyssey is the first commercial home video game console. The hardware was designed by a small team led by Ralph H. Baer at Sanders Associates, while Magnavox completed development and released it in the United States in September 1972 and overseas the following year. The Odyssey consists of a white, black, and brown box that connects to a television set, and two rectangular controllers attached by wires. It is capable of displaying three square dots and one line of varying height on the screen in monochrome black and white, with differing behavior for the dots depending on the game played. Players place plastic overlays on the screen to display additional visual elements for each game, and the one or two players for each game control their dots with the knobs and buttons on the controller in accordance with the rules given for the game. The console cannot generate audio or track scores. The Odyssey console came packaged with dice, paper money, and other board game paraphernalia to accompany the games, while a peripheral controller—the first video game light gun—was sold separately.

The idea for a video game console was conceived by Baer in August 1966. Over the next three years he, along with Bill Harrison and Bill Rusch, created seven successive prototype consoles. The seventh, known as the Brown Box, was shown to several manufacturers before Magnavox agreed to produce it in January 1971. After releasing the console through their dealerships, Magnavox sold 69,000 units in its first calendar year and 350,000 by the time the console was discontinued in 1975. The console spawned the Odyssey series of dedicated consoles as well as the 1978 Magnavox Odyssey 2. One of the 28 games made for the system, a ping pong game, was an inspiration for Atari's successful 1972 Pong arcade game, in turn driving sales of the Odyssey. Patents by Baer and the other developers for the system and the games, including what was termed by a judge as "the pioneering patent of the video game art", formed the basis of a series of lawsuits spanning 20 years, earning Sanders and Magnavox over US$100 million. The release of the Odyssey marked the beginning of the first generation of video game consoles and was an early part of the rise of the commercial video game industry.

Wikepedia Magnavox Odyssey

g7000 01

The Magnavox Odyssey 2 (stylized as Magnavox Odyssey²), also known as Philips Odyssey 2, is a second generation home video game console that was released in 1978. It was sold in Europe as the Philips Videopac G7000, in Brazil and Peru as the Philips Odyssey and in Japan as Odyssey2 (オデッセイ2 odessei2). The Odyssey 2 was one of the five major home consoles prior to the 1983 video game market crash, along with Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Intellivision and ColecoVision.

Wikipedia Philips G-7000

The Microvision (also known as the Milton Bradley Microvision or MB Microvision) is the first handheld game console that used interchangeable cartridges and in this sense is reprogrammable. It was released by the Milton Bradley Company in November 1979 for a retail price of $49.99.

The Microvision was designed by Jay Smith, the engineer who would later design the Vectrex video game console. The Microvision's combination of portability and cartridge-based system (it uses a Texas Instruments CHIP TMS1100 aka MP xxxxx) led to moderate success, with Smith Engineering grossing $15 million in the system's first year of release. However, very few cartridges, a small screen, and a lack of support from established home video game companies led to its demise in 1981. According to Satoru Okada, Nintendo's former head of R&D1, the Microvision gave birth to the Game Boy , the sequel to Game & Watch, after Nintendo designed with the Microvision's limitations in mind.

CHIP

MP3479

CHIP

MP3496

CHIP

MP34047

CHIP

MP3457

CHIP

MP3474

CHIP

MP3454

CHIP

MP3475

CHIP

MP3455

CHIP

MP34009

CHIP

MP3481

Wikipedia Microvision

The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo. It was released as the Family Computer (Famicom), in Japan on July 15, 1983, and as the NES in test markets in the United States on October 18, 1985, followed by a nationwide launch on September 27, 1986. The NES was distributed in Europe, Australia, and parts of Asia throughout the 1980s. It was Nintendo's first programmable home console, succeeding the Color TV-Game line of dedicated consoles, and primarily competed with Sega's Master System in the third generation of video game consoles.

To power the console, use a voltage of 10 VDC, taking into account that the positive is the external part of the connector.

Modification for video connection via RCA

Wikpedia Family Computer

Console

Super NES. The Super Nintendo Entertainment System, commonly shortened to Super Nintendo,Super NES or SNES, is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan, 1991 in North America, 1992 in Europe and Oceania and 1993 in South America. In Japan, it is called the Super Famicom (SFC). In South Korea, it is called the Super Comboy and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics. The system was released in Brazil on August 30, 1993, by Playtronic. In Russia and CIS, the system was distributed by Steepler from 1994 until 1996. Although each version is essentially the same, several forms of regional lockout prevent cartridges for one version from being used in other versions.

Donated from Marco Santini (IT)

Wikpedia Super Nintendo

Pong
Console

The Ping-o-Tronic is a first generation video game console produced by Zanussi and released under the Sèleco brand in late 1974. In the game mode it is similar to Pong. It was the first console of Italian production. In December 1974 it was on sale for 49,000 lire.

TMS 1965 PONG in chip

In 1975, Atari and Magnavox started selling improved systems using integrated circuits. Magnavox used several Texas Instruments (TI) chips, which replicated the design of the first Odyssey, itself based on 1967 transistor circuits. Atari, however, had the smart idea of designing the first "PONG in a chip" device, but these Atari chips were not available to other manufacturers, thus limitating the market considerably. Most Atari systems used a different chip because of the different games and features. Of course, a few discrete components interfaced the chip to the other parts of the system: the video modulator, the player controls, etc. These chips replaced most of the numerous components used in the early analog and digital systems. Although Atari chips were a smart design, the idea of integrating complex circuits into a single chip was a common idea at that time, and other video game manufacturers soon released their own video game chips.

Texas Instruments (TI) had an important role in 1975 since Magnavox asked the manufacturer to design a special chip set for the Odyssey 100 and later models. Each chip had a special function: paddle generator, collision detection, on-screen scoring, etc. They are detailed in the table at the end of this page. These chips were the SN764xx. It was possible to combine these chips to design a customised Ball & Paddle games, and even a Spacewar game.

Later, TI copied the Executive Games Television Tennis circuits and integrated them into a new chip: the SN76410N. This chip was very unsuccessfull and very few systems used it: Tele-Match 3300R, Ricochet Super Pro (model MT-4A), and Venture Electronics Video Sports VS-5. David Winter asked Glen Dash (who designed the Television Tennis) how this came to his attention. His reply was crystal clear: "The Tennis game was absolutely same, so much that it had the same bugs as my original design".

Because all these chips were unsuccessfull, TI decided to release another type of chip in 1977: the TMS-1955 and TMS-1965, both pin compatible with the GI AY-3-8500, hence a better success.

My first computer game, was built by a colleague of my father, using just the the Texas Instruments TMS1965 microprocessor, the year 1977 !

The first Italain's console to use the TMS1965 !

Pong
Console

Telegames Pong

In 1975, Atari started looking for ways to distribute their new home “Pong” system, but it wasn’t easy finding a distributor due to the track record that Magnavox had with the Odyssey. Retailers felt the price of the system was too expensive to draw an interest from the general public. After being rejected by numerous toys and electronics manufacturers Atari tried contacting Sears & Roebuck to see if they would have any better luck trying to work out a distribution agreement. They were directed to Tom Quinn who was the buyer for Sears’ sporting goods department, and he expressed interest but wanted the system demonstrated for a few executives first. Al Alcorn travelled to Chicago to demonstrate the pong home system prototype for the Sears executives and despite some minor technical issues with the prototype was able to obtain their approval.

Now that the executives gave their blessing, Quinn started to work with Nolan Bushnell to see if they could reach an agreement. Quinn wanted exclusive rights to the system as well as 150,000 systems before the holiday season. Bushnell agreed to the terms even though he knew that Atari would not be able to produce 150,000 units with their current facility. Atari acquired a new factory through funding by venture capitalist Don Valentine in order to produce the promised 150,000 units for Sears. In the end Atari was able to fulfill the order for Sears. All systems manufactured in 1975 were branded with Sears’ “Tele-Games” name but in 1976 Atari started releasing a version under their own brand name.

The success of home pong just like the video arcade version resulted in a multitude of clone pong consoles. Unlike the Magnavox Odyssey the home pong console and the clone consoles were only able to play one game “Pong”. Even with the limited ability of playing just one game the Pong systems became extremely popular and easily outsold the Odyssey.

Sears’ first venture into video games was very successful and they decided to continue the partnership with Atari expanding the tele-games brand by offering other video game systems with built in games. Atari continued to manufacture systems branding them with the Sears Tele-Games brand and by early 1977 many systems with built in games were released under both the Atari brand and the Sears Tele-Games brand.

Raspberry Pi

Audio Guide

Raspberry Pi is an innovative platform that, since its launch in 2012, has opened up new opportunities for makers of all levels and for those who want to learn to program without spending too much. It is characterized by all the qualities appreciated by professionals and hobbyists: it is economical, complete, compact and easy to configure. Chances are you've already heard of it, thanks to its popularity, dedicated books and magazines, and its distinctive raspberry logo. Whether you're interested in Computer Science or Electronics, Raspberry Pi offers endless possibilities for learning and experimentation. Beyond the technical aspects, Raspberry Pi can be seen as a "miniature computer", an entire hardware system enclosed in a single board. Born in England with the aim of promoting programming and computer culture, its extraordinary success has paved the way for countless other uses. Taking this initial mission into account, the motto that appears on the project's homepage is particularly significant: “Our mission is to put the power of programming and digital creation in the hands of people around the world.” This phrase perfectly sums up the essence of a tool that has fueled global creativity, without political, social or economic barriers, a path also followed by the BBC micro:bit, another successful British project.

We used it to emulate our TI-99/4A via software, here we loaded the Texas Instruments game MunchMan.

Wikpedia Raspberry PI 4

The Vectrex is an 8-bit console designed by Smith Engineering and distributed by General Consumer Electric (a subsidiary of General Electric), and later by the Milton Bradley Company. The Vectrex was the only home console to make hardware use of vector graphics (the same as bar classics such as Space Wars, Asteroids, Battlezone and Tempest) to play games on the integrated screen. Vectrex was also sold in the Japanese market under the name Bandai Vectrex Kousokusen.

FAILURES

Problem encountered: With the Sweep Clean game some dots to eat in the game are not at the same distance.
With the game inserted BEDLAM, the menu appears but the game crashes immediately

Solution: IC204 RAM broken.

CARTRIDGE 128 PROGRAMS

Cartridge V.1.0 with demo e games

list programs

Toys and Speech Games

Model: Computer Fun
Battery: 4 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1990
Chip: TSP50C44 (CSM44017), TSP60C19 (CMM19040), HD44102, HD44105
Info: Texas Instruments introduced with the Computer Fun a perfect combination of their superb speech synthesizer technology known from products like the Super Speak & Spell and the appearance of a small notebook. othing else than the British speaking edition of the Computer Fun introduced two years earlier in the United States.

Touch and Tell

Model: Crazy Club House
Battery: 4 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1994
Chip:
Info: made in China

Math and War Games

Model: Dataman
Battery: 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1979
Chip: TMC1982
Info:

Speak and Spell line

Model: Dotto conta e parla
Battery: 4 x AA alkaline
AC adapter:
Year: 1986
Chip: TMS50C40
Info:Dotto Conta-Parla manufactured in March 1986 by Texas Instruments Rieti, Italy. The printed circuit board (PCB) of the educational toy is centered around a TMS50C40 standard Voice Synthesis Processor (VSP) chip.

Speak and Spell line

Model: El loro parlanchin
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter: AC9199
Year: 1991
Chip:
Info: Super Line

Speak and Spell line

Model: El Loro Profesor ESP
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C cells
AC adapter: AC9199
Year: 1992
Chip: TSP50C42 (CSM42031), TSP60C19 (CMM19054), HD44780
Info: Super Line

Audio Guide

Model: Grillo Parlante
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter: AC9199
Year: 1980
Chip:
Info:The Grillo Parlante Italian Version (originally called Speak & Spell) is an electronic game based on speech synthesis, produced by Texas Instruments since 1978 and no longer in production. The Italian version was distributed by Clementoni. It was designed for educational purposes, aimed at children, allowing them to learn spelling while having fun. The device is equipped with a membrane keyboard, an 8-character fluorescent display, a speaker, and a carrying handle.The Grillo Parlante offers several game modes: Write, Repeat, ABC, Code, and Guess, during which each letter typed and word spoken displays a corresponding character on the display. The Write & Repeat games have four levels of increasing difficulty. The Italian voice of the Grillo Parlante is by Luciano De Ambrosis.

TroubleShooting

Fixing a power supply Grillo Parlante! The easiest fault to find is when it does not turn on, probably due to the incorrect connection of an external power supply.
Connect the battery or the external power supply 6 VDC 500 mA
Check with the tester that there are 6 volts between pins 3 (gnd) and 4 (vbat), this is the battery voltage.
Check that there is -17 volts between pins 3 (gnd) and 5 (display+speaker).
Check that there is -3,5 volts between pins 3 (gnd) and 6 (uC).

Without these last two values our Grillo Parlante will not work! Check and replace Q1 (2sb562 pnp)

After many requests for repairs of Grillo Parlante, we had to set up a forklift to test the three chips that make up the game. I thought the pitch of the integrated circuits was 1.27mm, but no it's a little less than 1.25, so I had to take a strip with 1.27 gold-plated terminals, open it and use the individual terminals.in the second photo you can see the microcontroller on the socket.

CD2702AN2 / TMC0270 Microcontroller / Display (The microcontroller is derived from the TMS1000 series and adopted to control both the keyboard, the display and to feed the speech synthesizer)
CD62190NL / TMC0350DNL Word Rom ( Italy )
CD2801NL / TMC0280NL Speech Synthesizer

Fix a membrane keyboard Grillo Parlante! I hope with this last phase I can help all those who want to try repairing Jiminy Cricket. Often the failure to turn on is due to the membrane keyboard which has some closed keys. The new sticker is available to put in place of the old one.

1) Remove the keyboard gently, as you can see it is not completely attached to the case, follow the edge of the keyboard.

2) Once the keyboard has been removed, clean the contact points of the case with isopropyl alcohol.

3) The same goes for cleaning with isopropyl alcohol.

4) This is another type of keyboard but the same applies. Open it and clean with isopropyl alcohol.

5) Insert the keyboard you removed holding it still, it would be better not to remove all the adhesive paper around it after cutting.

6) We have had new stickers printed to use in case the removed one is damaged or torn. Many Thnaks to Centro Stampa Salaria

7) Work finished.

Speak and Spell line

Model: Grillo Parlante piu'
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter: AC9199
Year: 1991
Chip:
Info: Super Line

Personal Organiser

Model: IS-8400 digital planner
Battery: 2 x CR2016
AC adapter:
Year: 1993
Chip:Toshiba T6M58
Info:

Speak and Spell line

Model: La dictee magiques 1v
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter:
Year: 1986
Chip: TMC0270/CD2702, TMC0280/CD2801, CD2352
Info:French series . Made in Italy

Speak and Spell line

Model: La Palla che Parla
Battery: 4 x AA alkaline
AC adapter:
Year: 1991
Chip:
Info:Small toddlers use the Listen & Learn toy like a small ball. Due to the flats on each side the toy will find a stable position and play a sound associated to the Farm Animal on top of the ball. The Listen & Learn uses again Texas Instruments speech technology introduced with the Speak & Spell. Made in China

Language Translator

Model: Language Teacher
Battery: 4 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1980
Chip:
Info: module English / Spanish / German

Language Translator

Model:  Language Translator
Battery: 4 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1980
Chip:
Info: module English / French / Spanish / German

Users Manual (IT)

Language Translator

Model: Language Tutor
Battery: 4 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1981
Chip:TMC0275, TMC0280 + Module: 4*TMC0350
Info: module English / French / Spanish / German / Inglese Britannico

Toys and Speech Games

Model: Le Calcul Magique
Battery: 4 x AA cells
AC adapter:
Year: 1986
Chip: TMS50C40A (CD54147)
Info: Nothing else than a Maths marvel trimmed to French language. Don't miss the Dotto Contaparla sold in Italy. Made in Italy

DATAMATH.ORG

Speak and Spell line

Model: La dictee magiques 1v
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter:
Year: 1985
Chip:
Info: French series

Math and War Games

Model: Letter Logic
Battery: 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1981
Chip:
Info: manufature UK

Math and War Games

Model: Little Computer
Battery: 2 x AA alkaline
AC adapter:
Year: 1992
Chip: COP444
Info:

Little Professor

Model: Little Professor 1976
Battery: 9 Volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1976
Chip: JP0975CS
Info:Portuguese Version Made in Brazil

Little Professor

Model: Little Professor 1981
Battery: 9 Volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1981
Chip:
Info:

Little Professor

Model: Little Professor 1982 ITA
Battery: 2 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1982
Chip:
Info: manufacture Italy

Little Professor

Model: Little Professor 1982 USA
Battery: 2 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1982
Chip:
Info: manufacture USA

Little Professor

Model: Little Professor 1985 EU
Battery: 2 x LR44
AC adapter:
Year: 1985
Chip:
Info: manufacture EU

Little Professor

Model: Little Professor 1985 USA
Battery: 2 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1985
Chip:
Info: Made in USA

Little Professor

Model: Little Professor Solar
Battery: no
AC adapter:
Year: 1995
Chip:
Info: solar

Toys and Speech Games

Model: Magic Clown
Battery: 4 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1993
Chip: TSP50C11/CSM11124 TSP50C50 ( voice Processor )
Info: The Stack-A-Round Clown, the first stacking toy that talks, was introduced in the US in 1991.

Five colorful rings, each representing a facial feature make up "Clarance the Clown's" face. Clarance recognizes each ring as it is placed on, or removed from, the stacking post. His friendly voice gives the name of the feature and explains the purpose of each part with a clever rhyme. Rings can be stacked in any order, allowing the child to create over 1000 faces.

Dismantling this Stack-A-Round Clown manufactured in 1992 by (or for) Texas Instruments in China reveals a technology very similar to the various Touch & Talkies. The design of the Magic Melody Tell is centered around a TSP50C11 Voice Synthesis Processor (VSP) and makes use of just one Integrated Circuit, TSP50C11 and TSP50C50 (Voice Synthesis Processor) with 8-bit microcontroller and 16k Bytes Mask ROM for both program and voice and 128 Bytes + 16 Nibbles RAM.

Speak and Spell line

Model: Magic Wand Speak and Learn
Battery: 4 x D cell
AC adapter:
Year: 1983
Chip:
Info:

Toys and Speech Games

Model: Math Magic
Battery: 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1977
Chip: TMC0907/ZA0379
Info: With the beautiful MATH MAGIC Texas Instruments introduced a variation of the Little Professor. The Little Professor gives you one of ten-thousands pre-programmed math questions and you have to type the correct answer. The MATH MAGIC works different: You have to type the question and the answer ! The MATH MAGIC gives you only a correct (flashing display) or wrong (EEE) answer.

Here you can find the WIZ-A-Tron manual (US), you can use it for this Math Magic as well. With permission from datamath.org

Math and War Games

Model: Math Marvel
Battery: 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1980
Chip:
Info:

Toys and Speech Games

Model: Math Star
Battery: 2 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1988
Chip: CD4616
Info: The Math Star is preprogrammed to teach the basic four mathematic functions through different games. This educational toy was rated by Texas Instruments for childrens aged between 6 and 11 years.

Math and War Games

Model: Mickey Math adventure
Battery: CR2025
AC adapter:
Year: 1983
Chip:
Info: manufature China

Math and War Games

Model: Mickey Mouse
Battery: solar
AC adapter:
Year: 1983
Chip:
Info: manufature China

Toys and Speech Games

Model: Mouse Computer
Battery: 4 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1993
Chip: TSP50C11 (CSM11128A), HD44780
Info: Texas Instruments introduced with the Talking Master Mouse Computer the first kids' computer with a real working mouse.

Like all games or calculators that use LCD displays, they may have display problems, missing segments, extra characters, etc. Simply disassemble the display and clean both the conductive rubber tabs and the glass display with isopropyl alcohol.

Math and War Games

Model: Mr Challenger
Battery: 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1979
Chip:
Info: manufacture Italy

Toys and Speech Games

Model: Passport Flight Computer
Battery: 4 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1991
Chip:
Info:

Toys and Speech Games

Model: Peek a Boo Zoo
Battery: 4 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1991
Chip:
Info: manufature China

Toys and Speech Games

Model: Pitagora
Battery: 2 x AA alkaline
AC adapter:
Year: 1988
Chip: TP0456/CD4616
Info:Nothing else than the Italian edition of the Math Star distributed by Clementoni. Discovering the Pitagora reveals with the CD4616 an enhanced C-MOS calculator chip of the TP0456 family known from the TI-60.

Model: PLT-SHH1
Battery: LI-Ion 3,7 volt 1400 mah
AC adapter: AD2973
Year: 2002
Chip: CPU: TI-OMAP1509E SDRAM: Hynix HY57V281620A Flash: Toshiba TC58V64A, Fujitsu 29LV400TC
Info: The PLT SHH1 seems to be a merger of a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) and a graphing calculator. Both the size and resolution of the LCD screen are known from PDA's of that epoch and even a Stylus is used to operate the calculator.

Special thanks to Alexandru Balasa for the donation.

Many Thanks to DATAMATH.org

Little Professor

Model: Professor 1.2.3
Battery: 2 x AAt
AC adapter:
Year: 1990
Chip:
Info:

Databank

Model: PS-2100
Battery: CR 2025
AC adapter:
Year: 1993
Chip:
Info: no work

Spell check translator

Model: PS-3000 pocket speller
Battery: 2 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1990
Chip:

Info:

Databank

Model: PS-3600 data bank
Battery: 2 x CR2025
AC adapter:
Year: 1993
Chip:
Info:

Spell check translator

Model: PS-5600 translator
Battery: 2 x AAA + CR2016
AC adapter:
Year: 1991
Chip:
Info:

Personal Organiser

Model: PS-6200
Battery: 2 x CR2025 + CR2032
AC adapter:
Year: 1991
Chip:Toshiba TMP0210-5112
Info:

Personal Organiser

Model: PS-6600 organizer
Battery: 2 x AAA + CR2016
AC adapter:
Year: 1991
Chip:
Info:

Personal Organiser

Model: PS-6700
Battery: 2 x CR2032
AC adapter:
Year: 1995
Chip: CPU: Toshiba T6M76 ROM: AT27C512 RAM: 2*UMC UM62256
Info:

Personal Organiser

Model: PS-9500 64K
Battery: 2 x CR2016
AC adapter:
Year: 1994
Chip:Toshiba T6M58
Info: The module PS-9000 backup module module. Made in Italy

Spell check translator

Model: RR-1 spell checker
Battery: 4 x AAA
AC adapter:
Year: 1981
Chip:
Info:

Spell check translator

Model: RR-2 spell checker
Battery: 4 x AAA
AC adapter:
Year: 1989
Chip:
Info:

Touch and Tell

Model: Silly Sound Stage
Battery: 4 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1994
Chip:
Info: made in China

Speak and Spell line

Model: Speak and Math 1v
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter: AC9199
Year: 1981
Chip: TMC0270/CD2704, CD2801, CD2392, CD2393
Info:1 series red logo on the left

Speak and Spell line

Model: Speak & Math 2v
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter: AC9199
Year: 1986
Chip:
Info: 2 series red logo on the right

Speak and Spell line

Model: Spell & Read 1 V
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter: AC9199
Year: 1980
Chip:
Info: 1 series blue logo on the center with wave

Speak and Spell line

Model: Speak & Read 2 v
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter: AC9199
Year: 1986
Chip: TMC0270/CD2705, TMC0280/CD2801, 2*TMC0350 (CD2394, 2395)
Info:2 series blue logo without wave

Speak and Spell line

Model: Speak & Spell 1v
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter:
Year: 1978
Chip:
Info: 1 series blue logo on the right. The Speak & Spell series uses the first single chip LPC speech synthesizer with the TMC0280. Subsequent refinements to the Speak & Spell chips led to the TMS5100, 5200 and 5220 speech synthesis processors for commercial products. This Jiminy Cricket uses a CD2801 which it interprets as TMC0280, Version 1.

Speak and Spell line

Model: Speak & Spell 1v 1981
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter: AC9199
Year: 1981
Chip: TMC0271, TMC0281, TMC0351 and TMC0352
Info:1 series blue logo on the right

Speak and Spell line

Model: Speak & Spell 2v
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter:
Year: 1986
Chip:
Info: 2 series red logo on the right

Speak and Spell line

Model: Buddy Speak and Spell German
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter:
Year: 1981
Chip:
Info:It is the German version of the well known Speak & Spell (Type 2).Extremely rare Speak & Spell in German version, called Buddy.Dismantling the Buddy manufactured in December 1981 by Texas Instruments in their Rieti, Italy facility reveals a small surprise: The green fluorescent display of the Buddy uses only 8 alphanumeric characters compared to the 9 characters of the 2nd generation Speak & Spell manufactured in the same timeframe in the United States.

Speak and Spell line

Model: Speak and Spell
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter:
Year: 1991
Chip:
Info: Chines series

Speak and Spell line

Model: Speak and Spell clone China
Battery: 3 x 1,5 C
AC adapter:ear: 2019
Chip:
Info: Here is a clone of the famous "Speak & Spell" produced in China in 2019, it uses an LCD display with a green backlight, has the polarizer in reverse, so as to have the green writing on a black background.

Compact Speak and Spell line

Model: Speak and spell Compact
Battery: 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1982
Chip:
Info:

Model: Speak and Spell ESP
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter:
Year: 1981
Chip:
Info:Spain Series. This Prototype of the Speak & Spell Spanish Voice is based on Version 2, please notice the gold lettered "Texas Instruments" on the display screen and the large "TI" logo on the keyboard.

Speak and Spell line

Model: Speak and Spell JAP
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter:
Year: 1979
Chip:
Info: Japan series

Math and War Games

Model: Spelling abc
Battery: 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1981
Chip: TMC0274, TMC0355 (CD2602)
Info:Nothing else than the UK version of the 2^nd generation Spelling B.

Math and War Games

Model: Spelling B
Battery: 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1978
Chip:
Info:

Math and War Games

Model: Spelling B LCD
Battery: 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1989
Chip: TP0456/CD4617, CD4618
Info:

Speak and Spell line

Model: Suonoparla Fonillo
Battery: 4 x AA alkaline
AC adapter:
Year: 1987
Chip: TMP50C40A ( CD54169), CF60034
Info:This funny synthesizer based product from Texas Instruments generates a lot of different sounds and stores them into an internal memory to replay. (ITALY). TMP50C40A/CD54169: TSP50C50 VSP (Voice Synthesis Processor) with 8-bit microcontroller and 8k Bytes Mask ROM for both program and voice and 32 Bytes RAM.CF60034: Not yet discovered, probably a Port-Expander for the VSP

Speak and Spell line

Model: Super Le dictee magique
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter:
Year: 1992
Chip:
Info: Super Line

Speak and Spell line

Model: Super Libro Parlante
Battery: 4 x AA alkaline
AC adapter:
Year: 1990
Chip: TSP50C42 (CSM42014), TSP60C19 (CMM19016)
Info:Nothing else than a colored Touch & Discover distributed by Clementoni with Italian voices stored in the Speech-ROM's.The toy is intended for players ages 2 to 5.The idea of the product is simple: Switch the game on and wait for the instructions. The only thing you need is your fingertip.

Speak and Spell line

Model: Super Speak & Math
Battery: 4 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1991
Chip: TSP50C10 (CSM10047), TSP60C18 (CMM18001), Samsung KS0062
Info: With the Super Speak & line Texas Instruments introduced educational toys similar to the well known kids-computers with there small LCD-screens and ASCII-keyboards.

Speak and Spell line

Model: Super Speak & Spell
Battery: 4 x AA
AC adapter:
Year: 1989
Chip:
Info: TSP50C42 (CSM42019) TSP60C18 (CMM18004) or TSP50C10 (CSM10087) HD44780

Speak and Spell line

Model: Super Speak and Spell 2v
Battery: 4 x 1,5 C
AC adapter:
Year: 1992
Chip:
Info: 2 version

Databank

Model: TI-2700 mini data bank
Battery: 3 x LR43 + CR1220
AC adapter:
Year: 1988
Chip:Toshiba TC5518
Info:

Databank

Model: TI-3100 pocket dialer
Battery: CR2025
AC adapter:
Year: 1990
Chip:
Info:

Professional Calculator

Model: TI-74 basicalc
Battery: 4 x AAA
AC adapter:
Year: 1987
Chip:
Info: The ti-74 was produced in two models with the Basic on board called TI-74 basicalc and TI-74 S (special) where it used a preprogrammed module, intended for insurance, banks, etc ..

Professional Calculator

Model: TI-74 S
Battery: 4 x AAA
AC adapter:
Year: 1987
Chip:
Info: The ti-74 was produced in two models with the Basic on board called TI-74 basicalc and TI-74 S (special) where it used a preprogrammed module, intended for insurance, banks, etc ..

Graphing

Model: TI-89 Voyage 200
Battery: 4 x AAA + CR1616
AC adapter:
Year: 2002
Chip: CPU: MC68SEC000 ASIC: TI REF 200C040 Flash: LH28F320 RAM: 2* CY62128 Display: 3*T6B07, 2*T6B08
Info:

First Symbolic

Model: TI-92-plus Battery: 4 x AA + CR2032 Adapter: Year: 1996Chip: CPU: MC68SEC000 ASIC: TI REF 200C040 Flash: LH28F160 RAM: 2*SRM20V100 Display: 3*T6B07, 2*T6B08C414181 Info: first SYMBOLIC

Professional Calculator

Model: TI-95 procalc
Battery: 4 x AAA
AC adapter:
Year: 1987
Chip:
Info: module statistic

Toys and Speech Games

Model: Touch & Tell
Battery: 2 x D cells
AC adapter:
Year: 1988
Chip: CD8012, CD2802, CD2610
Info: hortly after the introduction of the Speak & Spell line Texas Instruments introduced with the Touch & Tell a novel product idea with their speech synthesizer technology. You place one of different pictures onto a position sensitive keyboard and start the game. Touch & Tell will ask you a random question and you point the solution with your fingertip on the picture. To keep the youngsters interested, musical tones and special sound effects appear.

Toys and Speech Games

Model: Vocaid
Battery: 2 x D cells
AC adapter: AC9460
Year: 1984
Chip: CD8012, CD2802, CD2357
Info: A small change in the Speech-ROM but a huge difference in the application. This medical aid for the voice handicapped persons is based on a children game, the Touch & Tell.

Toys and Speech Games

Model: Voyager
Battery: 4 x AAA cells
AC adapter:
Year: 1988
Chip: TSP50C41 (CMM41014),TSP60C19 (CMM19005) Modules: TSP60C21
Info:Texas Instruments introduced with the Voyager a novel educational toy that lacks the position sensitive keyboard of products like the Touch & Tell. Instead of the traditional keyboard a microphone is used to control the game. The speech recognition detects simple words like "yes", "no", "true" or "false" as an input to the game.The Voyager game uses exchangeable speech ROMs in an expansion port. This gives you access to other stories than the provided.

Math and War Games

Model: Wiz a tron
Battery: 9 volt
AC adapter:
Year: 1977
Chip:
Info:

Here you can find the WIZ-A-Tron manual (US). With permission from datamath.org

Hewlett Packard

Model: HP-19C Battery: Adapter: Year: 1977-1979Chip: Info: The HP-19C and HP-29C were scientific/engineering pocket calculators made by Hewlett-Packard between 1977 and 1979. They were the most advanced and last models of the "20" family (compare HP-25) and included Continuous Memory (battery-backed CMOS memory) as a standard feature.

The HP-19C included a small thermal printer, one of the very few hand-held scientific calculators to offer such a feature (HP-91, HP-92 and HP-97 were desktop units and later models like the HP-41C only supported external printers). Due to the printer's power requirements, the 19C used a battery pack of four AA-sized NiCd cells, adding to the weight of the calculator and printer mechanism.

The coolest thing we have with the HP-19C is having the HP logo at the point used as a comma by the calculator. A special thanks goes to Alessandro (alexanderpentagon) who helps me with the HP.

Wikipedia HP-19C

Hewlett Packard

Model: HP-21 Battery: Adapter: Year: 1975-1978Chip: Info: The HP-21 was a scientific calculator produced by Hewlett-Packard between 1975 and 1978. It was designed as a replacement for the HP-35, and was one of a set of three calculators, the others being the HP-22 and HP-25, which were similarly built but aimed at different markets.

As with most HP calculators then and now, the HP-21 used RPN entry logic, with a four-level stack. It also had a single user-accessible memory register. As was normal at the time, memory was not preserved on power-down. A physical slider switch toggled between degrees and radians modes, which was an unusual feature. It had a 12-digit LED display, which was less than the 15 digits of the HP-35. Because of these fewer digits the HP-21 (and similar calculators such as the HP-25) could display 10-digit floating point numbers but only an 8-digit mantissa with a 2-digit exponent when scientific notation was used. A shift key provided access to functions whose legends were printed on the fronts of the tall trapezoidal keys.

Wikipedia HP-21

Hewlett Packard

Model: HP-25 Battery: Adapter: Year: 1975/1978Chip: Info: The HP-25 was a hand-held programmable scientific/engineering calculator made by Hewlett-Packard between early January 1975 and 1978. The HP-25 was introduced as a cheaper (US$195 MSRP) alternative to the ground-breaking HP-65.

WIkepedia HP-25

Hewlett Packard

Model: HP-35 Battery: Adapter: Year: 1972Chip: Info: The HP-35 was Hewlett-Packard's first pocket calculator and the world's first scientific pocket calculator: a calculator with trigonometric and exponential functions. It was introduced in 1972

Wikepedia HP-35 HP-35 Simulator

Hewlett Packard

Model: HP-38 E Battery: Adapter: Year: 1978Chip: Info: The HP-38C and HP-38E were the high-end business members of the 30 series. The HP-38E was introduced first, followed a year later by the HP-38C which added continuous memory.

HP museum HP-38 E

Hewlett Packard

Model: HP-41C Battery: Adapter: Year: 1979Chip: Info: The HP-41C series are programmable, expandable, continuous memory handheld RPN calculators made by Hewlett-Packard from 1979 to 1990. The original model, HP-41C, was the first of its kind to offer alphanumeric display capabilities. Later came the HP-41CV and HP-41CX, offering more memory and functionality

WIkepedia HP-41C

Hewlett Packard

Model: HP-45 Battery: Adapter: Year: 1973Chip: Info: The HP-45 is the second scientific pocket calculator introduced by Hewlett-Packard, adding to the features of the HP-35. It was introduced in 1973 with an MSRP of US$395 (equivalent to $2,411 in 2021). Especially noteworthy was its pioneering addition of a shift key that gave other keys alternate functions.

WIkepedia HP-45

Apple Article Count: 8

CC-40 computer Article Count: 2

Calculators Article Count: 325

TI-calculator Article Count: 315

Calculators w/ chip TI Article Count: 104

Architectural Data Corp Article Count: 1

Aristo Article Count: 2

Bonark Article Count: 1

Bowmar Article Count: 2

Canon Article Count: 13

Casio Article Count: 2

Commodore Calculator Article Count: 4

Compucorp Article Count: 1

Conic Article Count: 1

Crown Article Count: 1

EMG Hunor Article Count: 1

Eldorado Article Count: 2

Exactra Article Count: 7

Generic Design TMS0972NL Article Count: 8

Hema Article Count: 1

Híradástechnika Article Count: 1

Koh-I-Noor Article Count: 7

Kosmos Article Count: 4

Kovac Article Count: 1

National Semiconductor Article Count: 1

Montgomery ward Article Count: 4

Olivetti Calculator Article Count: 2

Orion Article Count: 1

Panasonic Article Count: 4

Privileg Article Count: 2

Radio Shack Article Count: 8

Sears Article Count: 1

Sinclair Radionics Calculator Article Count: 3

Summit Article Count: 1

Texet Article Count: 2

Toko Article Count: 1

TSI Article Count: 1

Unisonic Article Count: 1

Victor Article Count: 1

Zayre Article Count: 4

Western Auto Article Count: 6

Xam Article Count: 1

Computer Article Count: 40

Acorn Article Count: 2

Enterprise Article Count: 1

Exelvision Article Count: 1

Commodore Computer Article Count: 10

IBM Article Count: 1

Mattel Article Count: 1

Olivetti Computer Article Count: 2

Osborne Article Count: 1

Philips Computer Article Count: 3

Sega Article Count: 2

Sinclair Radionics Computer Article Count: 12

RadioShack Computer Article Count: 1

Timex Article Count: 2

Tomy Tutor Article Count: 1

Console Article Count: 31

Atari Article Count: 4

Games w/ chip TI Article Count: 17

Magnavox Article Count: 2

Milton Bradley Article Count: 1

Nintendo Article Count: 2

Pong Article Count: 3

Vectrex Article Count: 1

Raspberry PI4 Article Count: 1

Educational Article Count: 83

HP Article Count: 11

Laptop Article Count: 12

Mechanical Calculators Article Count: 16

Plc Programmer Article Count: 6

Printer Article Count: 3

Projects TI99 Article Count: 7

Regency TR-1 Article Count: 1

Silent 700 Terminals Article Count: 2

TI-history and curiosity Article Count: 86

TM990 / 189 Article Count: 2

Watches Article Count: 342

LED watches Article Count: 77

Special Article Count: 5

Woman Article Count: 21

Man Article Count: 45

Star Wars Article Count: 5

First Watch Article Count: 1

LCD watches Article Count: 234

Desktop Article Count: 2

Man Article Count: 152

Woman Article Count: 65

StarBurst Article Count: 9

Phasar Article Count: 6

How Its Made Article Count: 2

Witschi Q Test 3000 Article Count: 1

Battery Article Count: 1

Tritium Article Count: 1

Booklet Article Count: 17

HANDS watches Article Count: 9

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TI Museum

TroubleShooting

Apple Article Count: 8

CC-40 computer Article Count: 2

Calculators Article Count: 325

TI-calculator Article Count: 315

Calculators w/ chip TI Article Count: 104

Architectural Data Corp Article Count: 1

Aristo Article Count: 2

Bonark Article Count: 1

Bowmar Article Count: 2

Canon Article Count: 13

Casio Article Count: 2

Commodore Calculator Article Count: 4

Compucorp Article Count: 1

Conic Article Count: 1

Crown Article Count: 1

EMG Hunor Article Count: 1

Eldorado Article Count: 2

Exactra Article Count: 7

Generic Design TMS0972NL Article Count: 8

Hema Article Count: 1

Híradástechnika Article Count: 1

Koh-I-Noor Article Count: 7

Kosmos Article Count: 4

Kovac Article Count: 1

National Semiconductor Article Count: 1

Montgomery ward Article Count: 4

Olivetti Calculator Article Count: 2

Orion Article Count: 1

Panasonic Article Count: 4

Privileg Article Count: 2

Radio Shack Article Count: 8

Sears Article Count: 1

Sinclair Radionics Calculator Article Count: 3

Summit Article Count: 1

Texet Article Count: 2

Toko Article Count: 1

TSI Article Count: 1

Unisonic Article Count: 1

Victor Article Count: 1

Zayre Article Count: 4

Western Auto Article Count: 6

Xam Article Count: 1

Computer Article Count: 40

Acorn Article Count: 2

Enterprise Article Count: 1

Exelvision Article Count: 1

Commodore Computer Article Count: 10

IBM Article Count: 1

Mattel Article Count: 1

Olivetti Computer Article Count: 2

Osborne Article Count: 1

Philips Computer Article Count: 3

Sega Article Count: 2

Sinclair Radionics Computer Article Count: 12

RadioShack Computer Article Count: 1

Timex Article Count: 2

Tomy Tutor Article Count: 1

Console Article Count: 31

Atari Article Count: 4

Games w/ chip TI Article Count: 17

Magnavox Article Count: 2

Milton Bradley Article Count: 1

Nintendo Article Count: 2

Pong Article Count: 3

Vectrex Article Count: 1

Raspberry PI4 Article Count: 1

Educational Article Count: 83

HP Article Count: 11

Laptop Article Count: 12

Mechanical Calculators Article Count: 16

Plc Programmer Article Count: 6

Printer Article Count: 3

Projects TI99 Article Count: 7

Regency TR-1 Article Count: 1

Silent 700 Terminals Article Count: 2

TI-history and curiosity Article Count: 86

TM990 / 189 Article Count: 2

Watches Article Count: 342